A study designed to provide effective nursing care for schizophrenic patient was carried out to 22 patients who were admitted to the psychiatric in-patient service, St. Marys Hospital, Catholic Medical Center. The main purpose of the study was to provide effective means of discriminating the effects of nursing care for schizophrenic patients. The experimental group sampled consisted of 10 male and female patients who have been given patient-centered nursing care while the control group consisted of 12 male and female patients who have been given only routine care. The administration of the WBI manual in both groups obtained the changes in the psychopathological behavior of them. The result were found to be as follows. 1. The greater number of the patient in both groups were below 30 years of age (70%). 2. Uptill 15 days after admission there was no difference between the change of the psychopathological behavior the subject group and that of the control. 3. There was a difference between the changeof the psychopathological behavior of the subject group and that of the control uptill 30 days after, admis- sion(p<0.08).

Programmed instruction has recently advanced greatly thinks to extensive world-wide research. Many countries including the United States have increasi- ngly applied the method not only to education, but to such fields as the armed forces and business circles, too. The author has paid great attention to the programmed instruction of other countries and its application to nursing education in Korea. The author studied the matter mainly through descriptive research and has come conclusions as follows: 1) The nursing education in Korea is confronted with the great challenge of how to provide more effective learning for increased learners. Programmed instruction could meet the challenge partially and improve the general quality of student nurse. 2) Programmed instruction could reduce the required study hours by one-third so that the current, excessive school credit system could be rearranged properly. 3) Programmed instruction could provide teachers and professors with more free hours to spend with students and give them advice on a kind of tutorial basis. This could bridge the gaps among the students so the impro- vement of the average quality of learners could be attained. There are, however, many unsolved problems in applying the programmed instruction to nursing education in Korea. Further research should be made to work out a more effective programmed instruction fit to the reality of Korea's nursing education.

Much has been changed in the field of hospital administration In the wake of the rapid development of sciences, tedmiques and systematic hospital manage- ment. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial sup- port in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nur- sing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardiza- ion and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through inve- stigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected from amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obt- ained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nur- sing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritically adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals wer chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 12 religious hospitals with medical rare, charily and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purp- oses of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of me- dical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing techn- ical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have gr- aduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 per cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent; therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nu- rsing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are from nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided accor- ding to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals.The general purp- oses of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and edu- cation. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper ope- rational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in alm- ost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surb- odinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory commit- tees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self-regulating commi- ttee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being performed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, the medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national or public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been rece- ntly increasing, the nursing services have consequently been overloaded, sacrif- icing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides, The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing services are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hyginic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent.The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage, up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemp- loyment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a deep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and establish- ed. It has been noted that on-the-job nurses' training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services' activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per cent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regul- ations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospit- als they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory com- mittees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appro- priate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensur- ing more efificent services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated; approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursi- ng diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in-service educ- ation. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing servces. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budg- ets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing adminis- tration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about im- proved per formances and activities in nursing services.

In this article, the writer attempted to study the followings: (1) mother's knowledge of milk feeding (including method of sterilization, formula and feeding) (2) reasons of artificial feeding (3) how much mothers are concerned about their artificial feeding infants (4) condition of growth and development of artificial feeding infants. As the object of study, 98 mothers with artificial feeding infants, who had consulted dep't, of pediatrics of two Hospitals in Seoul (Korea Hospital and Med. College Woo Suk Hospital, Korea Uni.) and well baby clinic of the two Health Centers (Sung Dong and Dongdaemoon), were randomly sampled. The data were treated by the statistic method of chi-square and percentage, and come to the following conclusion. 1. Knowledge of milk feeding Sterilization: 70 percentages of mothers know about the milk sterilization (inclu- ding bottle, nipple and instrument), but 55 percentages of them do not know the nipple sterilization correctly. Formula: 69 percentages of mothers follow the indicator or in accordance with doctor's directions, but 31 percentages do at their option by reasons that the baby often coughs up the milk, the baby is too small, the baby often has digestive troubles, or the baby grow fleshy heavily etc, except family econo- mic problems. Feeding: only half of mothers know the correct feeding method, especially they do not know how to determine the heat degree of milk and how to bubble up the baby correctly. They just do feeding according to the accepted usages. 2. Reasons of artificial feeding Of the reasons of artificial feeding, 18 percentages were caused by infants and 82 percentages by mothers. Most of the reasons are mainly due to the lack of breast milk and sufficient supply of nourishments rather than mother's def- iciency or mother's abnormality. 3. Mother's concern for artificial feeding infants Mothers who are sharply concerned for their artificial feeding baby's growth and development: 63%, mothers who made the baby (artificial feeding infant) routine vaccinated: 81%. mothers who prepare the milk for baby themselves: 81%, mothers who ear anxious about the baby's future personality forming : 68%, mothers who care about the baby's condition of nourishment; 60%, mothers who are anxious about the selection of baby's food; 54%. 4. The growth and development of artificial feeding infants compared with Korean average infants. The artificial feeding infants are above the Korean average infants in stature by 1.21 centimeters and in weight by 0.3 kilograms. Conclusion: It has been said that there is no better food for infant than the breast milk. However, the artificial feeding has been used for the supplement of nourish- ments and as substitute food for the breast milk. And this artificial feeding could give the married women the chance to act in society and more opportunity to develop themselves and to work for others at home and other fields. Considering these advantages, artificial feeding should not be exclusive, but preferably should be more improved and inquired positively. And even in artificial feeding, what is most important is that mothers should recognize the requirement and need of artificial feeding clearly and correctly, and they should be accustomed to the correct knowledge and skills of artificial feeding in order to practice it appropriately. In some degree, they should be properly trained in school education process.

There is an urgent need to improve the tool predicting success or failure of academic achievement of nursing in Korea so as to identify as early as possible those students who should receive special instruction and to improve screening- procedures for admission of nursing. The main purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the grade point averages of courses learned and their psychological test characteristics in a baccalaureate nursing program. All 240 students, except freshmen, enrolled in Nursing Department of Seoul National University in the spring semester, 1972, participated in this study. All of the subjects completed the psychometric tests such as interest test, per- sonality test and test of self-concept. Total grade point averages, grade point averages of general education subjects, of supporting science courses and of pr- ofessional education subjects were used as performance criteria of the students. Through the calculation of product-moment correlation coefficients between the test scores and four grade point averages of each class and of total subjects, the following findings and recommendations were obtained. 1. There was so much variation in characteristics of interest test correlated with academic achievement of nursing students in each class. 2. Since the school objectives, curriculum and teaching strategies may affect predictive efficiency of characteristics of students' interest test, interest test must be utilized in a homogeneous group in order to predict school achivement. 3. Characteristics of interest test positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages of all subjects were scientific interest-biological, scie- ntific interest-physical, and humanitarian interest. Scientific interest-physical was the only characteristic positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of professional courses. 4. There were various patterns in characteristics of personality test correlated with school achievement of nursing students by class pattern and personality maturation as they progress toward higher classes. 5. A characteristic of personality test, responsibility, is in high positive corre- lation with academic achievement in the upper division of classes. 6. Responsibility was the sole personality factor positively correlated at signif- icant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of nursing courses in the total number of students. 7. There were very different correlation coefficients between characteristics of self-concept test and academic achievement according to the type of each class and type of courses they learned. 8. Characteristics of self-concept test positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of nursing courses of all students were physical self and row variability. Those who have positive concept on their own physical status and who are dificient in self-concept were higher in total grade point averages and grade point averages of professional courses than other students. 9. Scores of professional courses offered in freshmen and sophomore classes were in positive correlation with limited number of characteristics of psychological tests. In pursuit of a tool predicting successful academic achievement of nursing students, their G.P.A. during the junior and senior year of nursing will serve as the more reasonable criteria. 10. Junior students of this school were in higher positive correlation with many psychological factors than other classes.

This study is designed to reveal the relationship of Army Nurses' effectivene- ss to their perceptual orientation. Studies on nurses are very few despite of hig- hly professional duties which deal with human lives. Effectiveness of nurses could be seen from both within and without. At. present Study, however, the researcher tried to work on the point of view of perceptual psychology. The study was designed to fined the relationship of "Perceptual Orientation Scale" to their ratings training courses and experiences. The subjects are limited to nurses serving in the Army of the Republic of Korea. Many researches on nurses, such as Young Bok Lee(1970), Sook Ja Yoo(1971) Young Sook Hong (1970), Ik Do Choi (1966), are dealt with their attitude, mor- ale, how to see their profession, adjustability and college lives, but no one ever studied their subjective perceptual orientation. Method "Perceptual Orientation Scale" (Chunghoon Choy, 1971} was administered to 315 Army Nurses during the period of June to November 1971, and the relation- ship with their ratings by their supervising officers, trainning courses and their experiences were tested. All the relationship were calculated by the meth- od of Chi Squares. Result 1) There is no significant relationship between "Perceptual Orientation Scale" and their ratings. 2) There is no significant relationship between "Perceptual Orientation Scale" and their trainning courses. 3) There is no significant relationship between "Percepyual Orintation Scale" and their experiences. Conclusion As far as calculated result are concerned the research could not fined any significant relationship. Therefore we can conclude that "Perceptual Orientation Scale" of the nurses has nothing to do with nurses effectiveness. It means the Army Nurses rating method has to be modified at once. Also we have to continue to fined mofe significant effectiveness criteria and other researches be encouraged.

For the purpose to clarify the effects of nursing, intervention with comfort measures which promote rest, exercise and sleep on the patient's rehabilitation, this study was carried out on 119 postoperative patients at St. Mary's Hospital, the National Medical Center and Seoul Red Cross Hospital during the 9 months period from March 1971 to November 1971. In this study one experimental nursing approach was utilized; an emphasis on interpersonal techniques along with physical care-comfort measures. A daily evening care including support and instruction was given to facilitate interaction of nursing to the experimental group by the investigator. For the control group, routine hospital nursing care was performed. The nursing observation was fall- owed for 4 days postoperatively and recorded in check list. The results of the findings were as follows. 1. 3.5% of control group and 32.3% of experimental group got out of bed within 24 hours postoperatively. 38.6% of control group got out of bed within 72 hours postoperatively where only 16.1% of the experimental group did (x2= 19.865, p<0.005). Interaction in nursing is, in turn, significantly more effective than the usual routine care in improving rate of healing. 2. The irritations and tension that may interfere patient's sleep and rest at night can be reduced to a minimum if nursing environment is better controlled with planned nursing care for individual patient. Various treatments which tend to give patient discomfort may preferably be performed before 6 p.m. if not absolutely indicated. 3. During 4 days of observation the patients without administration of sedat- ives and analgesics postoperatively were 25.9% in the experimental group where as 10.5% in the control group. The frequency of administration of sedatives and analgesics in average was 1.4 in the experimental group, and 2.0 in the control group. This indicates that not all postoperative discomforts expressed by the patients should be regarded as incision pain, and those discomforts could be relieved to a certain extent by nursing interventions effectively. 4. There were significant differences between the responses to nursing care given in the experimental group and 33% of the control group in average through 4 days of observation responded "good". 3.6% of the experimental group and 17. 1% of the control group responded "poor" in this study. It was recommended that the study be replicated in a more defined and controlled manner. Some alternative areas for investigation were suggested.

This study was designed to investigate differences in some aspects of value conceptions in fundamentals of nursing functions between nursing service pers- onnel and nurse-educators. The purpose of the study was to identify the difference of value conceptions between the hospital nurses and school instructors, to contribute as a reference in strengthening the educational program in establishing may hinder professi- onal growth. The questionaires of this study were focused in the following aspects; 1) establishment of nursing service management system, 2) strengthening of the professionalization of nursing service, 3) hindrance in accomplishment of indepen- dent nursing functions, 4) communication skills in nurse-patient relationship, 5) activities directly related to nursing care planning, 6) communication skills in nurse-doctor relationship, 7) attitude towards taking responsibilities for patient- centered nursing approach, and 8) nursing educational approach towards prepar- ation of professional competence in practicing independent nursing functions. 265 graduate nurses from 14 general hospitals and 88 nursing instructors from 18 schools, collegiate and diploma, were sampled. The main findings of the study were as follows; 1. Both groups responded highly in the lack of public recognition of nursing profession and hospital administrators support in establishment of nursing service management system. Further investigation is needed to define some relationship between the intrinsic and extrinsic factors which might give influence to the professional development. 2. While hospital nursing personnel responded on environmental pressure such as a heavy nursing load as the factor giving hindrance to independent nursing functions, the nurse educators responded highly on lack of nursing competence of individual nurses. An emphasis should be placed on the development of nursing interaction through professional education. If the professional model is not well establ- ished, nursing function will be limitted to medical assistance. 3. The patient-centered approach for nurse patient communication had given positive respond for both group, but lacks in team concept in problem solving process. There exist a social distance between nurses and other professional co-workers in the hospital heirarchy. 4. It was indicated that, as an intrinsic factor in the development of nursing service and nursing cducation, building up a philosophical basis is an utmost importance. This question is opened for further and extensive study to clarify whether existance cf philosophical abscence or philosophical stasis in nursing profession hinders the development.

No abstract available.