The Purposes of this study were : 1) to evaluate validity of a pain rating scale using the level of correlation between the Korean Pain Rating Scale(KPRS), Short-From KPRS(SKPRS) and the Graphic Rating Scale(GRS). 2) to identify sensitivity of the scale using pain behavior of patients with chronic pain Of the 2025 patients with chronic pain who visited the orthopedic and neurosurgical out-patients departments of 11 university hospital in various districts of Korea, 520 subjects wee selected through convenient sampling and responded to the questionnaires by mail. The results of the study can be summarized as follows ; 1. The mean pain score measured by the KPRS was 444.85 : the mean sensory score was 209.47, the mean affective score, 147.63 and the mean miscellaneus score. 87.85. The mean pain score measured by the GRS was 20.11 : the mean sensory intensity score, 10.54. and the mean distress score, 9.57. 2. The average number of hours of rest during the day was 3.3, the average score of discomfort in carrying out ADL was 99, the average frequency of pain relieving practices was 3.0 the average number of pain sites was 3.6. 3. The most sensitive scale to differentiate each group was the GRS, the KPRS and SKPRS were less sensitive than the GRS. 4. The intercorrelation between the KPRS total score and the GRS score(.500) as well as that of the SKPRS score were highly correlated(.652), but intercorrelation between the SKPRS score and the GRS score(.172) was not high. Based on the above results, it was found that the SKPRS must be studied further to obtain validity.

The purpose of this study was to find out the differences in stress perceptual level of the Koreans according to their constitution and to analyze the effects of them on physical and mental health state. The subject of investigation was 87 outpatient department of constitution of Kyung-Hee Oriental Medicine Hospital. Data were collected by using interview with Questionnaire. The measurement tools were Questionnaire of constitution Identity(by B.H.Go), Stress Scale(by P.S. Lee) and Cornell Medical Index. All of the tools were pre-tested for their reliability and validity. Analysis of data was done using frequency, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and ANCOVA in SPSS program. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Stress perceptual level of the Koreans were significantly different as their constitution (F=9.68, P<.001). SOEMIN was the highest constitution in stress perceptual level. 2. In health state, there were considerable difference among the three constitutions (F=6.654, P<.05). SOEMIN was the lowest one at health state. 3. An inverse correlation was found out between stress perceptual level and health state (r=-.6034, P=.0001). 4. There were no differences in health state of the Koreans according to their constitutions if stress perceptual level excluded(F=1.01, P=.37). In conclusion, health state was effected not by constitutions alone, but by stress perceptual level according to constitutions of the Koreans.

The purpose of this research was to study the effects of antenatal breast care on decreases in breast discomfort and increases in the breast feeding rate during the postpartum period. A nonequivalent control group posttest research design was used. The experimental group consisted of fifty-one pregnant women(primigravida) who were receiving antenatal care in the OBGYN clinics of four hospitals between march 5 and May 30, 1991. The control group was made up of seventy-five postpartum women who delivered at two hospitals OBGYN clinic and one midwife clinic between May 4 and June 15, and between September 5 and October 15, 1991. Data were collected via telephone interviews on the seventh postpartum day and at the end of the second month. Data analysis methods used frequencies and the x2-test. The results were as follows : 1. The rate of breast feeding practice at two months was higher in the experimental group(70.6%) than in the control group(25.3%) (p<.01). 2. Nipple soreness in the early breast feeding period was lower in the experimental group(14.6%) than in the control group(25.3%) (p<.01). 3. Severe breast discomfort in the early breast feeding period was lower in the experimental group (12.5%) than in the control group(39.2%) (p<.01). 4. There was a significant relationship between the breast feeding practice and the planned feeding method(p<.05), and between breast feeding practice and nipple soreness (p<.01) in the experimental group, and the presence of job(p<.01), the sex of the infant(p<.01), and the first feeding time(p<.05) in the control group. 5. The reasons for unsuccessful breast feeding were a deficiency of breast milk(66.7% in the experimental group, 30.4% in the control group), poor sucking on the part of the baby(13.3% in the experimental group, 21.4% in the control group).

No abstract available.

Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Preschool children's pain perception related to painful procedures can increase due to elevated anxiety and fear because they do not have understanding logical of their disease and hospitalization. In particular they are distressed about needle-related procedures which are feared because they are seen to be a cause of bodily damage. This descriptive study attempted to identify pain perception levels in preschool children and their mothers. A self-reporting measurement and behavioral observation were used to collect the data. A total of 25 hospitalized preschool children and their mothers were investigated and data were collected about 60 painful procedures. Data collection was carried out by the researcher and two trained investigators from November first to December tenth. Three instruments were used to collect the data : Faces Pain Rating Scale(FPRS) developed by Beyer was used to measure the degree of preschool children's pain perception about painful procedures. The Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) devised by Huskisson was used to assess the degree of mothers' pain perception about their children's painful procedures. A Pain Behavioral Checklist based on the Procedure Behavior Check List by LeBaron and Zelter and modified by the researcher was used to observe behaviors of preschool children, their mothers, and nurses when the painful procedures took place. The data were analyzed by an SPSS program, and were tested using real numbers, percentages, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Of all the painful procedures, the mean score for the FPRS for the preschool children's pain perception was 4.02 points, and the mean score for the VAS of mothers' pain perception was 10.92 points. 2. A positive correlation which was statistically significant was found between the pain perception of preschool children and their mothers(r=.53, p<.01). that is, the higher the children's pain perception was, the higher their mothers' pain perception was. 3. The characteristics of the painful procedures related with children's pain perception as follows : The type of painful procedure was found to be statistically significant(F=23.44, p<.01). Among the three procedures IV starting was found to be perceived as the most painful procedures to the children. The greater the number of times that the procedure had been done, the higher the pain perception was(F=4.44, p<.01), and the longer the duration of the procedure, the higher the pain perception was(r=.30, p<.05). Pain perception in the treatment room was higher than in the children's room(t=6.30, P<.01), pain perception in the mother's presence was the higher than when the mother was not present(t=2.91, p<.01). 4. The characteristics of the painful procedures related with the mothers' pain perception as follows : The type of painful procedure was found to be statistically significant (F=6.01, p<.01). Among the three procedures IV sampling was found to be perceived as the most painful procedures to the mothers. The greater the number of times that the procedure had been done, the higher the pain perception was (F=5.95, P<.01), and the longer the duration of the procedure, the higher the pain perception was (r=.31, p<.05). Pain perception in the treatment room was higher than in the children's room (t=3.51, p<.01), but pain perception in the mother's presence showed statistically significant no difference. 5. Of all of the 19 children's behaviors during the painful procedures, the most frequent behaviors observed were as follows in order of frequency "crying", "screaming", "facial grimacing", "physical resistance", Of all of the nine mothers' behaviors, the most frequent by observed in "console children", "hold children", "applaud children", Of all of the ll nurses' behaviors during the painful procedures, the most behaviors during the painful procedures, the most frequent in order were "smiling", "physical restraint", "console children", "praise children". 6. A positive correlation between children's and mothers' pain perception and children's behaviors was found to be statistically significant(r=.65, p<.01, r=.67, p<.01). Also the relationship between children's and mother's pain perception, and mothers' behavior was found to be statistically significant(r=.57, p<.01, r=.60, p<.01). The relationship between children's pain perception and nurses' behaviors was also found to be statistically significant(r=.46, p<.01), but there was difference between mothers' pain perception and nurses' behaviors.

In order to provide data basic to the training of hospice volunteers, this study was carried out to investigate the personal attributes and the Death Orientation of hospice volunteers. 80 hospice volunteers were sampled from those registered on Seoul Catholic Social Service and Korean Association for Volunteers Effort conveniently. Data were gathered from August 16th to October 3rd, 1991. The instrument used for this study was the Death Orientation Questionnaire developed by Thorson and Powell, subjective age and religiosity questionnaire developed by Bell and Betterson, and subjective health criteria developed by Baumann. Data were analyzed using frequency, mean standard deviation, Chi-square, and t-test by SPSS-program. Result of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. The majority of hospice volunteers perceived younger in their subjective age than their chronological age(65%), perceived themselves to be healthy subjectively(88.8%), and revealed to have high religiosity score(96.3%) 2. Level of Death Orientation of hospice volunteers was revealed to be moderate. (Mn=2.06, SD=0.40, range, 1.45-3.53) Among 25 Death Orientation items, respondents revealed the highest concern over the afterlife (Mn=3.53, SD=0.71), revealed the lowest anxiety about not knowing the next world after his or her death(Mn=1.45, SD=0.69), and relatively high concern over leaving careful instructions after death(Mn=2.97, SD=0.83). Respondents revealed low Death Orientation score(below 1.99) to 12 negative items(2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22). Thus hospice volunteers seem to be preparing for their own death and shown show positive Death Orientation to some items relatively. 3. According to personal attributes(demographic, socioeconomic, and relevant variables) of hospice volunteers, there were no significant statistic differences of Death Orientation score. Thus pre-exciting Death Orientation of hospice volunteers and their motive of participation to the hospice service are to be considered important variables influencing the Death Orientation.

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse-patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This Purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus-response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role successfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficulties in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role(Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 : Bobak and Jensen 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses and patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse-patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment(1981), this study was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized quasi-experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group)-those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12 and an experimental group(agreement group)-those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instrument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps-identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers ; mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting ; exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self-care, early maternal-infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) ; implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self-evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S. P. S. S. computerized program and included percentage, x2-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summarized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were 'I would like to be a better mother than I am'(3.95), and 'I know that my baby wants most of the times'(2.28), 'When the baby cries, I can tell what she/he wants'(2.37), and 'I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby'(2.50). That is, the self-confidence of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were 'I an glad I had this baby now'(3.75), 'I play with the baby between feeding when s/he is awake and quiet'(3.67), and 'I enjoy being a mother'(3.27). Those with low mean scores were 'I and upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother'(2.78), 'it bothers me to get up for the baby at night'(2.82). and 'I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities'(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concret means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse-patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(t=3.95, p<0.01). Out of 14 items those with higher score in the experimental group were 'I would like to be a better mother than I am'(t=1.93, p<0.05), 'I know that my baby wants most of the times'(t=2.75, p<0.01), 'When the baby, I can tell what she/he wants'(t=2.10, p<0.05), 'I have confidence in may ability to care for the baby'(t=3.72, p<0.01), 'I trust my own judgement in deciding how to care for the baby'(t=1.93, p<0.05)m 'I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him/her'(t=2.44, p<0.01), 'I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs(t=2.87, p<0.01), 'I know wat my baby likes and dislikes'(t=3.26, p<0.01), 'I dont's know to care for the baby as well as I should'(t=2.07, p<0.05), and 'I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby'(t=3.04, p<0.01). That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t=3.95, p<0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(t=2.31, p<0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were 'I am glad I had this baby now' (t=2.29, p<0.05), 'I enjoy taking care of the baby'(t=2.49, p<0.01), 'It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same things over and over'(t=2.87, p<0.01), 'I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare'(t=2.51, p<0.01), and 'When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be dong something else'(t=2.43, p<0.01). That is , the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t=2.31, p<0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance in the experimental group, was supported(r=0.57, p<0.01).