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Development of a Scale to Measure Korean Ego-integrity in Older Adults
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Sung Ok Chang, Eun Sook Kong, Kwuy Bun Kim, Nam Cho Kim, Ju Hee Kim, Chun Gill Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Mi Soon Song, Soo Yeon Ahn, Kyung Ja Lee, Young Whee Lee, Si Ja Chon, Nam Ok Cho, Myung Ok Cho, Kyung Sook Choi
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(3):334-342. Published online April 30, 2007
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.3.334
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Abstract
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Purpose
Ego-integrity in older adults is the central concept related to quality of life in later life. Therefore, for effective interventions to enhance the quality of later life, a scale to measure ego-integrity in older adults is necessary. This study was carried out to develop a scale to measure ego-integrity in older adults.
Methods
This study utilized cronbach's alpha in analyzing the reliability of the collected data and expert group, and factor analysis and item analysis to analyze validity.
Results
Seventeen items were selected from a total of 21 items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .88 for the 17 items of ego-integrity in the older adults scale. Three factors evolved by factor analysis, which explained 50.71% of the total variance.
Conclusion
The scale for measuring ego-integrity in Korean older adults in this study was evaluated as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity.
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Citations
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- The Association Between Depression and Death Anxiety Among Older Adults: Moderating Effect of Ego-Integrity
Jin-Hee Woo, Sung-Man Bae OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying.2025; 90(3): 1025. CrossRef - The effects of ego integrity and readiness for death on the preferences of care near the end-of-life of hospitalized older adults in long-term care hospitals: A cross-sectional correlation study
Jangmi Baek, Jun-Ah Song Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(2): 185. CrossRef - Development of Assessment Tool for Ego-Integrity in Nursing Home Residents
Sun Young Lim, Sung Ok Chang Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2020; 22(2): 140. CrossRef - Factors Influencing Death Anxiety in Community-Dwelling Elderly: Based on the Ecology Theory
Yeonha Kim, Minju Kim The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2019; 22(1): 30. CrossRef - Ego-Integrity Management of Residents in Nursing Homes: A Concept Analysis based on the Method by Walker and Avant
Sun Young Lim, Sung Ok Chang Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2018; 20(2): 97. CrossRef - The Influencing Factors on the Ego Integrity of Elderly Living Alone
Hyun Jeong Jeong, Sook Hee Yoon The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 499. CrossRef - Mutual Reciprocal Relationship between Ego Integrity and Depression in Elderly: Multi-dimensional Influencing Factors
Hye Sun Jeong, Hyun Soo Oh Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(3): 262. CrossRef - Exploring Wisdom in the Korean Elderly: A Q Methodology Study
Kiwol Sung Asian Nursing Research.2011; 5(2): 128. CrossRef
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A Study on Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Sexuality of Elderly People in Korea
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Kyung Ja Lee, Myoung Sook Kwon, Mi Ja Kim, Seong Mi Moon
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(2):179-184. Published online March 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.2.179
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Abstract
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Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the level of knowledge and the attitudes of Korean adults toward sexuality of elderly people.
Methods
This was a descriptive study using a convenience sample of 241 adults. The questionnaire had 34 items for knowledge and 26 items for attitudes.
Results
The result showed that, related to sexuality of elderly people, the level of knowledge was average and attitudes were conservative. The level of knowledge was significantly higher in groups that were highly educated and of low economic status (p<.05). Attitudes toward sexuality of elderly people were significantly more conservative in female, older, less educated, and high economic status group.
Conclusion
The findings suggest a need for more education for Korean adults regarding sexuality in elderly people.
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- Discomfort in Discussing Sexual Issues: Developing a New Scale for Staff at Long-Term Care Facilities for Older Adults
Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Inbar Levkovich, Galit Pinto, Liat Ayalon Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2022; 48(9): 27. CrossRef - Age-Discrepant Couples Involving an Older Adult: The Final Frontier of Ageism? Attitudes in Eight Latin American Countries
Feliciano Villar, Rodrigo Serrat, José Manuel de Sao José, María Montero, Claudia Josefina Arias, Ruth Nina-Estrella, Camen-Lucía Curcio, Maria Carbajal, Rita da Cassia Oliveira, Victoria Tirro, Alina Alfonso Journal of Intergenerational Relationships.2019; 17(4): 430. CrossRef - Examining the Attitudes and Knowledge of Social Work and Nursing Students on Later-Life Sexuality
Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Ahuva Even-Zohar, Shoshi Werner Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement.2018; 37(4): 377. CrossRef - An integrated model to understand sexuality in older adults in urban China: The mediating role of sexual interest
Shuyan Yang, Elsie Yan, Xue Bai Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2018; 78: 51. CrossRef - Attitudes and knowledge of social work students towards sexuality in later life
Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Ahuva Even-Zohar, Bat-Tzion Fisch Social Work Education.2017; 36(8): 918. CrossRef - Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward aged sexuality in Flemish nursing homes
Lieslot Mahieu, Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé, Jolien Acke, Hanne Vandermarliere, Kim Van Elssen, Steffen Fieuws, Chris Gastmans Nursing Ethics.2016; 23(6): 605. CrossRef - Sexual Problems in the Hong Kong Chinese Community
Anna Hoi Nga Ng Current Sexual Health Reports.2016; 8(3): 151. CrossRef - Development and psychometric testing of a semantic differential scale of sexual attitude for the older person
Hyojung Park, Sunhwa Shin Nursing & Health Sciences.2015; 17(4): 526. CrossRef - Development and Validation of a Sexual Attitude Scale for Elderly Korean People
Hyojung Park, Sunhwa Shin, Hyunsu Cha Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2014; 16(3): 189. CrossRef - Nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards aged sexuality: validity and internal consistency of the Dutch version of the Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale
Lieslot Mahieu, Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé, Kim Van Elssen, Chris Gastmans Journal of Advanced Nursing.2013; 69(11): 2584. CrossRef
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Health Status, Health Perception, and Health Promotion Behaviors of Low-income Community Dwelling Elderly
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Tae Wha Lee, Il Sun Ko, Kyung Ja Lee, Kyeong Hwa Kang
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(2):252-261. Published online March 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.2.252
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Abstract
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Purpose
The purpose of the study was to investigate the health status(present illness, ADL and IADL), health perception, and health promotion behaviors of low-income elderly who are receiving the visiting nurse service in the community.
Method
The sample of the study was 735 elderly over 65years old with basic livelihood security, who were conveniently selected from 245 public health centers nation-wide. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire through interviews by visiting nurses.
Result
The average number of present illnesses in the study subjects was 4.18. The average scores of ADL and IADL were 15.903.39and 9.772.97 respectively, which indicates a relatively independent everyday life. However, 64.2% of the subjects perceived their health status as ‘ not healthy’. In terms of health promotion behaviors, 77.8% of the subjects had ceased smoking, 83.9% stopped drinking, 56.4% had a regular diet, 45.8% received regular physical check-ups during the past two years, and 66% received flu shots. Approximately 50% of the subjects were practicing 3-4 health promotion behaviors. Significant factors associated with health promotion behaviors were ADL, IADL and self-efficacy.
Conclusion
Health promotion programs which focus on regular diet, exercise, and regular physical check-ups should be developed to improve independence of everyday life and quality of life among low-income elderly.
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Citations
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- Nutritional Risk of the Elderly Receiving a Home-Delivered Meal Service Program and the Factors for Nutritional Risk
Na-Young Yi, Jung-Hwa Choi Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(3): 197. CrossRef - The Effects of a Health Mentoring Program in Community-dwelling Vulnerable Elderly Individuals with Diabetes
Ki wol Sung, Hye Seung Kang, Ji Ran Nam, Mi Kyung Park, Ji Hyeon Park Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(2): 182. CrossRef - Health Status and Health Service Utilization: Barriers and Facilitators for Korea Medicaid Beneficiaries
Sung-Heui Bae, Eun-Ok Choi, In sook Lee, In Young Lee, Chae min Chun Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2016; 18(3): 144. CrossRef - The Relationship between Psychological Needs and Health Promoting Behavior in Community-dwelling Older Women
Journal of East-West Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 126. CrossRef - Nutritional Risk, Perceived Health Status, and Depression of the Young-Old and the Old-Old in Low-Income Elderly Women
Myung-Suk Lee Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2012; 37(1): 12. CrossRef - Psychosocial Adjustment of Low-Income Koreans with Cancer
Myungsun Yi, Eun Young Park, Dal Sook Kim, Young Sook Tae, Bok Yae Chung, Hyang Sook So Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(2): 225. CrossRef - The Influencing Factors of Influenza Vaccination in the Elderly Participating in Lifetime Transitional Health Examination
Eun-Shil Yim, Kyung-Ha Kim, Hyun-Ju Chae Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(4): 502. CrossRef - Life Satisfaction, Activities of Daily Living, Depression and Health Behavior of Low Income Elderly Living at Home
Soon-Yi Seo Journal of muscle and joint health.2010; 17(2): 162. CrossRef - Aging, Health, and Physical Activity in Korean Americans
Kyung-Choon Lim, Jeanie S. Kayser-Jones, Catherine Waters, Grace Yoo Geriatric Nursing.2007; 28(2): 112. CrossRef
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The Concept Analysis of Ego-integrity in the Elderly
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Sung Ok Chang, Eun Sook Kong, Kwuy Bun Kim, Nam Cho Kim, Ju Hee Kim, Chun Gill Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Mi Soon Song, Soo Yeon Ahn, Kyung Ja Lee, Young Whee Lee, Si Ja Chon, Nam Ok Cho, Myung Ok Cho, Kyung Sook Choi
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(7):1172-1183. Published online March 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.7.1172
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Abstract
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Purpose
Ego-integrity in Erikson's stage theory is used frequently among health team members related to the care of the elderly and has specific meanings within the context of quality of life in later life. However, the concept of ego-integrity in the elderly has not been well articulated in the literature. This study was conducted clarify and conceptualize the phenomena of ego-integrity in the elderly.
Method
A Hybrid Model of concept development was applied to develop a concept of ego-integrity, which included a field study carried out in Seoul, South Korea using in-depth interviews with old adults who were admitted as a right person for research subject according to attributes of ego-integrity analysed in the theoretical phase.
Results
The concept of ego-integrity emerged as a complex phenomenon having meanings in several different dimensions which encompassed several attributes.
Conclusions
Ego-integrity is a concept having needs that should be treated in a specific way and it is possible to enrich the meaning and methods to manage ego-integrity in nursing interventions for promoting quality of life so that its application may have effects that have positive impacts on the elderly's well being.
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- Smartphone proficiency and use, loneliness, and ego integrity: an examination of older adult smartphone users in South Korea
Kisun Kim, Sung-Yeon Park, Hyung-Cheol Kang Behaviour & Information Technology.2021; 40(7): 625. CrossRef - Consideration of the Psychological and Mental Health of the Elderly during COVID-19: A Theoretical Review
Kunho Lee, Goo-Churl Jeong, JongEun Yim International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(21): 8098. CrossRef - Ego-Integrity Management of Residents in Nursing Homes: A Concept Analysis based on the Method by Walker and Avant
Sun Young Lim, Sung Ok Chang Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2018; 20(2): 97. CrossRef - Relations between Gratitude Disposition and Ego-Integrity of Korean Elderly Men and Women: Mediating Effects of Generativity and Relatedness
Myeong Ae Choe, Jeong Shin An Family and Environment Research.2017; 55(2): 181. CrossRef - The Influencing Factors on the Ego Integrity of Elderly Living Alone
Hyun Jeong Jeong, Sook Hee Yoon The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 499. CrossRef - Influence of Age-Identity on Existential Identity and Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly
Shin Sook Lee Family and Environment Research.2014; 52(2): 151. CrossRef - Study on Knowledge of the Elderly's Physical, Psychological and Social Aspects among College Students in Physical Therapy
Chung-Joa Ahn, Myung-Chul Kim, Seung-Kyun Kim, Seul-Ki Han Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2014; 9(4): 375. CrossRef
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Cervical Cancer Screening in Korean American Women: Findings from Focus Group Interviews
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Hooja Kim, Kyung Ja Lee, Sun Ock Lee, Sungjae Kim
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(4):617-624. Published online March 28, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.4.617
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Abstract
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Purpose
Korean American women have twice the rate of cervical cancer than white women and demonstrate low rates in participation in cervical cancer screening. This study was to describe the perceptions about cervical cancer and factors related to cervical cancer screening among Korean American women.
Method
Focus group methods.
Results
Five themes emerged. First, knowledge about cervical cancer; misconceptions about cervical cancer, its causes, reproductive anatomy and the treatment Second, perceived meanings of having cervical cancer; most of the women felt that cervical cancer represented a loss of femininity and existential value of womanhood. Third, knowledge about cervical cancer screening ; regular medical check-ups were necessary for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. Forth, experiences and perceived meanings of cervical cancer screening; the participants expressed their feelings; embarrassment, fear, shame and shyness. Fifth, practices of cervical cancer screening; various intervals in participating in cervical cancer screening. But they mentioned several deterrents, language, insurance, time constraint, embarrassment, fear of the screening results, misbelief about susceptibility, lack of health prevention behavior, and lack of information written in Korean.
Conclusion
Results emphasize the critical need for culturally appropriate health education to encourage participation of Korean American women in cervical cancer screening.
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Fang Lei, Ying Zheng, Eunice Lee, Hyunseok Kang PLOS ONE.2022; 17(3): e0265201. CrossRef - Predictors of Cervical Cancer Screening Awareness and Literacy Among Korean-American Women
Y. Joon Choi, Hee Yun Lee, Soonok An, Young Ji Yoon, Jennifer Oh Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities.2020; 7(1): 1. CrossRef - Racial Disparities in Cervical Cancer Screening: Implications for Relieving Cervical Cancer Burden in Asian American Pacific Islander Women
Hee Yun Lee, Raiza Beltran, Nam Keol Kim, Do Kyung Lee Cancer Nursing.2019; 42(6): 458. CrossRef - Predicting Behavioral Intentions Related to Cervical Cancer Screening Using a Three-Level Model for the TPB and SCT in Nanjing, China
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Hee Yun Lee, Mi Hwa Lee, Zan Gao, Karim Sadak Journal of Clinical Medicine.2018; 7(8): 181. CrossRef - Addressing multilevel barriers to cervical cancer screening in Korean American women: A randomized trial of a community‐based intervention
Carolyn Y. Fang, Grace X. Ma, Elizabeth A. Handorf, Ziding Feng, Yin Tan, Joanne Rhee, Suzanne M. Miller, Charles Kim, Han Seung Koh Cancer.2017; 123(6): 1018. CrossRef - Gauging the Relativistic Particle Model on the Noncommutative Plane
Majid Monemzadeh, Mehdi Dehghani, Salman Abarghouei Nejad International Journal of Theoretical Physics.2017; 56(6): 1793. CrossRef - Barriers and Facilitating Factors Perceived in Turkish Women's Behaviors Towards Early Cervical Cancer Detection: A Qualitative Approach
Fatma Ersin, Zuhal Bahar Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2013; 14(9): 4977. CrossRef - Korean Americans' Beliefs about Colorectal Cancer Screening
Shin-Young Lee, Eunice E. Lee Asian Nursing Research.2013; 7(2): 45. CrossRef - Age-Related Differences in Health Beliefs Regarding Cervical Cancer Screening Among Korean American Women
Eunice E. Lee, Young Eun, Shin-Young Lee, Karabi Nandy Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2012; 23(3): 237. CrossRef - Psychometric Evaluation of Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening Embarrassment Questionnaire among Korean Women: Complementary Use of Rasch Model
Eun-Jung Cho, Bok-Yae Chung, Kwan Lee, Nathan S. Consedine, Won-Kee Lee Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2011; 17(5): 463. CrossRef - Korean American Women's Beliefs About Breast and Cervical Cancer and Associated Symbolic Meanings
Eunice E. Lee, Toni Tripp-Reimer, Arlene M. Miller, Georgia R. Sadler, Shin-Young Lee Oncology Nursing Forum.2007; 34(3): 713. CrossRef - A Multifaceted Intervention to Increase Cervical Cancer Screening among Underserved Korean Women
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SoMi Park, SoonBok Chang, ChaeWeon Chung Applied Nursing Research.2006; 19(4): 177. CrossRef
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Evaluation of Government Assisted Visiting Nursing Services of Health Center in 2000
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Il Sun Ko, Cho Ja Kim, Tae Wha Lee, Kyung Ja Lee, Eui Sook Kim, Heek Young Ma, Young Sook Lee
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(3):344-354. Published online March 29, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.3.344
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Abstract
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PURPOSE: This study is a fact-finding research to understand the status of visiting nursing services operated by health centers in Korea and it aims to provide basic information for policy development on operation and management of visiting nursing services in health centers.
METHOD: This study investigates the results of visiting nursing services in 242 health centers from Jan. 10 through Dec. 30, 2000, where 3,106 visiting nurses were employed by the public work program.
RESULT: In 2000, 129,401 new household as service recipients was identified and that was 0.9% of Koreas total households (15,137,000), and 5.8% of low income households (2,242,000). The highest high risk group was dementia patients(aver. 55.2/1,000 person). Average number of households visited by visiting nurse were 4.5 households per day and the first-visited houses per visiting nurse were 1.1 households per day. The re-visiting rate was 71.3%. Total 4,059,130 service items were provided and assessment ranked the highest with 33.7%. The satisfaction level of clients on the nurses was an average of 3.17 points in the scale of 4 and the nursing service was a 2.60 points in a scale of 3.
CONCLUSION: Visiting nursing service should continue to provide comprehensive healthcare services in cost-effective ways while cooperating with others.
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Soon-Nyoung Yun, In-Sook Lee, Jin Hyun Kim, Young Ko Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(3): 159. CrossRef - Factors influencing the number of remaining natural teeth in elderly people visiting dental care services
Hyun-Ju Lim, Eun-Kyoung Lee Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2013; 13(4): 693. CrossRef - The Correlation between Nursing Professional Values and Job Satisfaction Depending on the Types of Visiting Nurses' Personality
Hae In Park, Kyung Min Park, Kyung Hee Lee Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(2): 77. CrossRef - A Cost Benefit Analysis of Individual Home Visiting Health Care
Jinhyun Kim, Taejin Lee, Jinhee Lee, Sangjin Shin, Eunhee Lee Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(3): 362. CrossRef - Development of Community Health Center-Based Hospice Management Model: Pilot Project at a Community Health Center in Busan
Sook Nam Kim, Soon Ock Choi, Young Jae Kim, So Ra Lee The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2010; 13(2): 109. CrossRef - Experience of Home Health Nursing Personnel in Actual and Simulated Case Finding of Wife Abuse in Korea
Young Ran Han Public Health Nursing.2008; 25(1): 88. CrossRef
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The Effects of prompted Voiding Therapy on Urinary Incontinence Control of Elderly Patients
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Kyung Ja Lee, Mi Kyung Kim, Hee Young Song
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Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(4):943-952. Published online March 30, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.4.943
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Abstract
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This study was done to analyze the effects of prompted voiding therapy on urinary incontinence in elderly patients in an elderly care hospital. Specifically, this study looks to evaluate the effects of prompted voiding as an intervention for improving independent voiding and also identified the relationship of urinary continence to cognitive, emotional, and physical factors. The study was based on a pre-experimental design used to evaluate the effects of prompted voiding therapy on an experimental group without a control group. An experimental group of 143 patients was selected through convenience sampling from patients in an elderly care hospital. The data was collected from November 4 to December 14, 1996. Prompted voiding therapy is a behavioral therapy for managing incontinence and it is applied to patients who are cognitively impaired and dependent. In this study, the patients were asked at each designated time whether or not they had to urinate. If they answered yes, they were either given a bedpan or were assisted to the bathroom, and if the patient answered no, their diaper was checked to determine whether or not it was wet. The results were then recorded on the patients urinary voiding record. The urinary voiding score based on the model presented by Burton(1984), Burke and Walsh(1992), Chenitz, Stone and Salisbury(1991 was modified and used as a tool in this study. After forty six out of the total of 143 patients were selected for interviews through random sampling the levels of cognitive functions, mental depression and ADL(activities of daily life) within the given time frame were measured. In this study, the cognitive function was measured using the scale developed by Kabhn, Goldfarb, Pollack and Peck(1960), elderly mental depression, using the tool developed by Sheikh and Yesavage(1986), and the ADL(activities of daily living, through the Barthel Index. The data was analyzed through SPSS windows for descriptive statistics, repeated measured ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. According to the results of the study, the application of the prompted voiding therapy can improve the voiding pattern of patients. It was shown especially that incontinence could be controlled by the intervention developed according to the individual voiding pattern. In terms of the relationship between cognitive function, mental depression and ADL and the voiding function score, a close correlation was not found. It was shown that urinary incontinence can be improved through therapy even though patients have problems with their cognitive, mental and physical functions.
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A Study on the Occurrences and Policy Development for Accident Prevention
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Kyung Ja Lee, Chung Yul Lee, Kyu Sook Kang, Jung Suk Han
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Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1995;25(2):362-371. Published online March 30, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1995.25.2.362
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Abstract
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There is no national system to manage, evaluate, and analyse the information about accidents, even though it is necessary for accident prevention policies and health promotion of the general public. The existing studies are, also limited as they focus only on particular group (for example: inpatients, emergency room patients) or on particular geographic areas. Thus the results of the studies cannot be applied to the general public. In order to overcome these limitations, this research focuses on data collection and analysis from accident information for the general population. By providing the analysis on types and causes of accidents, this research aims to produce the basic data neccesary for accident prevention policy development. The specific aims of this research are to: 1. Analyse the actual occurrences and characteristics of accidents. 2. Suggest for the accident prevention policies and safety education. Accident report form three major newspaper printed in Korea between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1993 were collected, and the cause, place, time, and personal injury related to the accidents were classified and then analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results of this research conclude: 1. The number of accidents reported by the three newspapers were 2155. 2. The highest proportion of accidents were as follows; occurred during the June-August(31. 2%), Sunday (24.8%), and 5 p.m. (7.6%) of the day. 3. The highest proportion of the accident occurred in Seoul(33.1%), Kyunggi province (14.5%), Kangwon province(7.8%), and Kyungnam province6.7%) were next highest. 4. The main causes include car accidents (32.4%), drowning(10.9%), falls(8.8%), explosion(7.1%), and poisoning (5.8%). 5. Slightly more than half of injuries(50.5%) and about two fifths of deaths(40.3%) were caused by car accidents. Therefore, the most serious type of accidents were car accidents. 6. The number of males in accidents were almost three times higher than that of females (males: 72.3%, females :27.7%). 7. The age group from 10 to 19 years old represents the highest proportion(21%) of accidents. 8. The number of the accidents in Korea, based on the information collected from the newspapers, is estimated to be 14,367 per year. The number of injuries is estimated to be 88,480 persons, and the number of deaths 29,007 respectively. It is said that ninety percent of accidents can be prevented. Several accidents prevention policies are suggested here. 1. Safety education should be done more actively throughtout life, with special emphasis on safety education for children. 2. Safety measures for children(halmets for cycling, children car seats, seats belts, and so on) should be emphasized. 3. An injury surveillance system should be initiated. The initiation of injury reporting system in each factory and school could contribute considerably to the reduction of accidents.
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