Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

J Korean Acad Nurs : Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Korean Acad Nurs > Volume 43(5); 2013 > Article
Original Article
Effects of a Multicultural Education Program on the Cultural Competence, Empathy and Self-efficacy of Nursing Students
Eun-Hee Peek, Chai-Soon Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2013;43(5):690-696.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.5.690
Published online: October 31, 2013

1Department of Nursing, Sahmyook Health University College, Seoul, Korea.

2College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Park, Chai-Soon. College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodaero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2258-7014, Fax: +82-2-2258-7772, cspark@catholic.ac.kr
• Received: December 31, 2012   • Accepted: September 30, 2013

© 2013 Korean Society of Nursing Science

  • 280 Views
  • 4 Download
  • 58 Crossref
  • 36 Scopus
prev
  • Purpose
    This study was done to examine the effects of a multicultural education program on nursing students' cultural competence, empathy, and self-efficacy.
  • Methods
    In this quasi-experimental study, the participants were assigned to an experimental group (n=40) or a control group (n=40). The data were analyzed using independent t-test, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and paired t-test with the SPSS windows 18.0 program.
  • Results
    After receiving the multicultural education program, the levels of cultural competence and self-efficacy in the experimental group were higher than in the control group. The level of empathy increased slightly in the experimental group while it decreased in the control group.
  • Conclusion
    The results of this study indicate that multicultural education is effective in raising the level of cultural competence and self-efficacy in nursing students. Thus, there is a need for continuous effort to integrate multicultural education programs in the nursing curriculum. Repeated study to test effects of these multicultural education programs should be also necessary.
  • 1. Bagnardi M, Bryant L, Colin J. Banks multicultural model: A framework for integrating multiculturalism into nursing curricula. J Prof Nurs. 2009;25(4):234–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.010ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Bandura A. Regulation of cognitive process through perceived selfefficacy. Dev Psychol. 1989;25:729–735.
  • 3. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman; 1997.
  • 4. Bennett CI. Kim OS . Multicultural education: Theory and practice. Seoul: Hakjisa Publisher; 2009.Original work published 2007.
  • 5. Campinha-Bacote J. The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: A model of care. J Transcult Nurs. 2002;13(3):181–184.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 6. Campinha-Bacote J. The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: The journey continues. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: Transcultural C. A. R. E. Associates; 2007.
  • 7. Cronin MS. Enhancing the cultural competence of social workers. New York, NY, Yeshiva University. 2005;Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
  • 8. Cross D, Brennan AM, Cotter VT, Watts RJ. Cultural competence in the master's curriculum-a course exemplar. J Prof Nurs. 2008;24(3):150–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2008.01.007ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Cuellar NG, Brennan AM, Vito K, de Leon Siantz ML. Cultural competence in the undergraduate nursing curriculum. J Prof Nurs. 2008;24(3):143–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2008.01.004ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Davis MH. Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 1996.
  • 11. Gudykunst WB. Communicating with strangers: An introduction to intercultural communications. Australia, AU: McGraw-Hill Australia; 1984.
  • 12. Hammer MR, Bennett MJ, Wiseman R. Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. Int J Intercult Relat. 2003;27(4):421–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00032-4Article
  • 13. Hoffman ML. Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
  • 14. Hwang SY, Jang KS. Perception about problem-based learning in reflective journals among undergraduate nursing students. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2005;35(1):65–76.ArticlePDF
  • 15. Hyun EJ, Park SY. The effect of multicultural education program using picture books on young children's attitudes toward race and cultures. J Child Lit Educ. 2003;3(2):101–124.
  • 16. Jang WS. A study on the curriculum for multicultural teacher education suitable to Korean society. Soc Stud Educ. 2009;48(1):57–79.
  • 17. Jeon BS. The relationship between empathy and altruistic behavior. Daejeon, Chungnam National University. 2002;Unpublished master's thesis.
  • 18. Jung IC. Impacts of mind-map on students' learning mathematics. J Korea Soc Math Educ Ser A: Math Educ. 2004;43(2):139–149.
  • 19. Kang KJ, Jung EM, Chung HJ, Lee SY. A study on the development of a cultural competence program for empowering children from multicultural families. Korean J Fam Welf. 2011;16(1):5–22.
  • 20. Kardong-Edgren S, Campinha-Bacote J. Cultural competency of graduating US Bachelor of Science nursing students. Contemp Nurse. 2008;28(1-2):37–44.ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Kim MS, Kim YG. Effects of individual trait, educational, organizational factors on entrepreneurial intentions in tourism college students: The mediating effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. J Foodserv Manage. 2012;15(4):61–84.
  • 22. Kim SW, Choi TJ. Research methodology in education. Seoul: Hakjisa Publisher; 2007.
  • 23. Ko EJ. Improvement of underachiever's confidenence and self-esteem using music therapy program. Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea National University of Education. 2004;Unpublished master's thesis.
  • 24. Korea Immigration Service Ministry of Justice. KIS Statistics 2011 (11-1270000-000465-10). Gwacheon: Korea Immigration Service, Ministry of Justice; 2012.07.
  • 25. Korean Institute For Healthy Family. Multicultural family support center facts (2012-KIHF-014). Seoul: Korean Institute For Healthy Family; 2012.05.
  • 26. Lim J, Downie J, Nathan P. Nursing students' self-efficacy in providing transcultural care. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(6):428–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2004.04.007ArticlePubMed
  • 27. Mo KH, Hwang HW. A study on multicultural awareness of secondary school teachers: Focused on Korean and social studies teachers in the metropolitan area. Theory Res Citizsh Educ. 2007;39(3):79–100.Article
  • 28. Park SH, Lee JH, Kim EJ. Effects of the multicultural program on the promotion of cultural sensitivity in college students. Korean J Youth Stud. 2011;18(6):123–145.
  • 29. Sargent SE, Sedlak CA, Martsolf DS. Cultural competence among nursing students and faculty. Nurse Educ Today. 2005;25(3):214–221.ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Seol DH, Hong SK, Goh HU, Kim IT. Survey on the health conditions of migrant workers in Korea. Seoul: Korean Foundation for International Healthcare.
  • 31. Silvestri LA. Saunders comprehensive review for the NCLEX-RN examination. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
  • 32. Sue S. Cultural competency: From philosophy to research and practice. J Community Psychol. 2006;34(2):237–245.Article
Figure 1
Conceptual framework of the process of cultural competence and self-efficacy.
jkan-43-690-g001.jpg
Table 1
Comparison of General Characteristics between Experimental and Control Groups
jkan-43-690-i001.jpg

*Fisher's exact test.

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 2
Baseline Outcome Measures between Experimental and Control Groups
jkan-43-690-i002.jpg

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 3
Effect of Multicultural Educational Program
jkan-43-690-i003.jpg

w: Within group; b: Between group; Exp.=Experimental group(n=40); Cont.=Control group(n=40).

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Cultural Competence of Vietnamese Undergraduate Nursing Students and Influencing Factors
      Thi Minh Thanh Nguyen, Jieun Kim, Soong-nang Jang
      Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Nursing educators' experiences of cultural competence in the nursing education program: A qualitative descriptive study
      Fatemeh Darban, Jamileh Farokhzadian, Monirsadat Nematollahi, Nastaran Heydarikhayat, Motahareh Faramarzpour
      Journal of Professional Nursing.2024; 54: 142.     CrossRef
    • Controls of the recent precipitation anomalies in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: from the perspective of Indian summer monsoon activities and moisture sources
      Xiaoyu Guo, Lide Tian, Lei Wang, Yuanwei Wang, Jing Zhou
      Climate Dynamics.2024; 62(1): 399.     CrossRef
    • Cultural competencies in Polish and Lithuanian nurses: A cross‐sectional comparative study
      Barbara Ślusarska, Ludmiła Marcinowicz, Aurelija Blaževičienė
      Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.2023; 37(2): 444.     CrossRef
    • Enhancing cultural competency and empathy toward foreign patients for Korean nursing students through a simulation: A quasi-experimental study
      Mijin Shin, Hyunjoo Na, Sujeong Kim
      Nurse Education in Practice.2023; 69: 103615.     CrossRef
    • Factors influencing multicultural acceptance of Korean nursing students
      Minkyung Gu, Sohyune Sok
      BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Creating an inclusive climate within pharmacy practice
      Kathleen K. Adams, Britny R. Brown
      Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning.2023; 15(1): 52.     CrossRef
    • Factors Influencing Transcultural Self-Efficacy Among Nurses With Foreign Patient Care Experience
      HyunJung Ham, Sunghee H. Tak
      Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2022; 33(1): 87.     CrossRef
    • Effects of a multicultural education program based on international students’ participation on intercultural communication competence and nursing professionalism
      Kyung Jin Hong, Jungjin Han
      The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(4): 389.     CrossRef
    • Investigation of the Cultural Competence Levels of Diabetes Nurses
      Derya ÇINAR, Nermin OLGUN, Aynur KOYUNCU
      Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences.2022; 12(4): 805.     CrossRef
    • Standing Up for Culturally Competent Care in Portugal: The Experience of a “Health in Equality” Online Training Program on Individual and Cultural Diversity
      Violeta Alarcão, Sandra Roberto, Thais França, Carla Moleiro
      Societies.2022; 12(3): 80.     CrossRef
    • A Quantitative Investigation of Final Year Preservice Science Teachers’ Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs
      Dekant KIRAN
      International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research.2022; 8(4): 47.     CrossRef
    • Nursing students’ experiences of a global outreach program: A mixed-method study
      Sook Ja Yang, Chiyoung Cha, Hyerim Lee, Sookyung Jeong
      Nurse Education in Practice.2021; 50: 102927.     CrossRef
    • Cultural Competence and Cultural Sensitivity Education in University Nursing Courses. A Scoping Review
      Cinzia Gradellini, Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino, Patricia Dominguez-Isabel, Brigida Molina-Gallego, Daniela Mecugni, María Idoia Ugarte-Gurrutxaga
      Frontiers in Psychology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Effect of Intercultural Nursing Training on Nursing Students’ Intercultural Sensitivity and Empathic Tendency Level: Randomised Controlled Trial
      Ganime CAN GÜR, Emine YILMAZ
      Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2021; 10(1): 130.     CrossRef
    • Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cultural Education Training: Cultural Competence and Cultural Intelligence Development among Nursing Students
      Anna Majda, Joanna Zalewska-Puchała, Iwona Bodys-Cupak, Anna Kurowska, Krystian Barzykowski
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(8): 4002.     CrossRef
    • Effect of a mobile app-based cultural competence training program for nurses: A pre- and posttest design
      Sumi Sung, Hyeoun-Ae Park
      Nurse Education Today.2021; 99: 104795.     CrossRef
    • Influence of Cultural Competency and Multicultural Efficacy on Nursing Professionalism of Nursing Students
      Soonyang JANG, Inju SEO
      JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2020; 32(1): 246.     CrossRef
    • A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of global health competency improvement programs on nurses and nursing students
      Jiwon Kang, Jeongeun Song, Wonjung Noh
      Journal of Advanced Nursing.2020; 76(7): 1552.     CrossRef
    • The effect of a loving-kindness and compassion meditation program on the empathy, emotion, and stress of nursing college students
      Jeong-Hui Nam, Hyun-Sook Park
      The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2020; 26(3): 311.     CrossRef
    • Nurse Cultural Competence-cultural adaptation and validation of the Polish version of the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale and preliminary research results
      Danuta Zarzycka, Agnieszka Chrzan-Rodak, Jadwiga Bąk, Barbara Niedorys-Karczmarczyk, Barbara Ślusarska, Fiona Cuthill
      PLOS ONE.2020; 15(10): e0240884.     CrossRef
    • Organisational cultural competence needed to care for foreign patients: A focus on nursing management
      Duckhee Chae, Yunhee Park
      Journal of Nursing Management.2019; 27(1): 197.     CrossRef
    • Aromatherapy Hand Massage for Test Anxiety and Self-Efficacy in Nursing Students: A Pilot Study
      Julia Farner, Meghan Reed, Joanne Abbas, Kimberly Shmina, Dawn Bielawski
      Teaching and Learning in Nursing.2019; 14(4): 225.     CrossRef
    • Effects of a Program to Promote Multicultural Awareness and Multicultural Efficacy toward North Korean Defectors for Nursing Students
      Jin Kyoung Park
      Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2019; 25(1): 58.     CrossRef
    • Living in Harmony: Clinical Nurses’ Perceptions of Multicultural Society
      Hwa-Sook CHO, Euna PARK
      JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2019; 31(1): 196.     CrossRef
    • Level of Cultural Self-Efficacy of Colombian Nursing Professionals and Related Factors
      Raquel Herrero-Hahn, Juan Guillermo Rojas, Rafael Montoya-Juárez, María Paz García-Caro, César Hueso-Montoro
      Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2019; 30(2): 137.     CrossRef
    • Mediating and Moderating Effects of Multicultural Efficacy in the Relationship between Cultural Empathy and Cultural Competence in Child Care Teachers
      Won-Oak Oh, Il Tae Park, Minju Song
      Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 214.     CrossRef
    • Development and Cross-Validation of the Short Form of the Cultural Competence Scale for Nurses
      Duckhee Chae, Yunhee Park
      Asian Nursing Research.2018; 12(1): 69.     CrossRef
    • The Effect of a Teaching Model for Improving Undergraduate Nursing Students' Cultural Competency
      Kyung Sook Choi, Woo Sook Lee, Yeon Suk Park, Myunghee Jun, So Young Lee, Yeonwoo Park, Soo Young Park, Zabler Bev
      Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2018; 24(1): 100.     CrossRef
    • Is empathy one of the Big Three? Identifying its role in a dual-process model of ideology and blatant and subtle prejudice
      José Luis Álvarez-Castillo, Gemma Fernández-Caminero, Hugo González-González, Alessio Avenanti
      PLOS ONE.2018; 13(4): e0195470.     CrossRef
    • Current Status of Transcultural Nursing Education in Nursing Baccalaureate Programs
      Seon Mi Jang, Jeongeun Kim
      Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2018; 24(2): 181.     CrossRef
    • Factors affecting the cultural competence of visiting nurses for rural multicultural family support in South Korea
      Min Hyun Suk, Won-Oak Oh, YeoJin Im
      BMC Nursing.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Long-term effects on nursing alumni: Assessing a course in public and global health
      Sheri P. Palmer, Karen Lundberg, Karen de la Cruz, Cheryl Corbett, Sondra Heaston, Shelly Reed, Mary Williams
      Journal of Professional Nursing.2017; 33(6): 436.     CrossRef
    • The development and effect of CPBL (Creative Problem Based Learning) for nursing students
      Eun-Young Jung, Jeong Hyeon Kong
      Journal of Problem-Based Learning.2017; 4(1): 5.     CrossRef
    • Effects of a Cultural Competence Educational Program for Nursing Students
      Hyang-In Cho Chung, Seok-Young Han, Seung-Hee Seo
      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2017; 23(4): 406.     CrossRef
    • Cultural Competence and Influencing Factors of Dental Hygiene Students
      Ji-Hyoung Han, Ki-Eun Kim
      Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2017; 17(3): 242.     CrossRef
    • Factors Affecting Transcultural Self-efficacy among Nursing Students
      Kyu Eun Lee, Nam Sun Kim
      Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2017; 42(1): 1.     CrossRef
    • Cultural Competency by Multicultural Experience of College Students
      Myung-Sook Lee, Young-Mi Park
      Journal of Digital Convergence.2016; 14(12): 657.     CrossRef
    • Effects on Critical Thinking Disposition and Empathy on Cultural Competency in Nursing Students
      Eun Ju Song, Ya Ki Yang, Sook Kyoung Park
      Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2016; 25(4): 347.     CrossRef
    • The Effectiveness of a Cultural Competence Training Program for Public Health Nurses using Intervention Mapping
      Yune Kyong Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 410.     CrossRef
    • Development of a Multicultural Education Program for Nursing Students and Evaluation of its Effects on Multicultural Sensitivity and Efficacy
      Myeong Jeong Chae, Jin-il Kim
      Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2016; 30(1): 70.     CrossRef
    • Knowledge about Multicultural and Attitude toward Migrant Wives by Nursing Students
      Sung Nam Choi, Eun Young Jung, Jeong Hyeon Kong
      Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2016; 41(1): 27.     CrossRef
    • Cultural Competence of Health Care Providers in Daegu and Satisfaction on Health Care Services of Chinese Medical Tourists
      Sa-Ra Park, Kyeong-Soo Lee, Sang-Kyu Kim, Tae-Yoon Hwang
      Health Policy and Management.2016; 26(2): 115.     CrossRef
    • Caring Experiences of the Nurses Caring for Foreign Inpatients of non-English Speaking
      Hye-Young Jang, Eun Lee
      Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(12): 415.     CrossRef
    • Effects of a Multicultural Course on the Multicultural Acceptability and Competency of Nursing Students
      Myeong Jeong Chae, Jin-il Kim, Jin Hee Lee
      The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(3): 373.     CrossRef
    • Level of Cultural Competence (CC) and Educational Needs for Cultural Competence in Nursing (CCN) in Undergraduate Nursing Students
      Nae Young Lee, Yong Sook Eo, Ji Won Lee
      The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(1): 16.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Multicultural understanding subject on the Empathy and Multicultural Attitude of Nursing Student
      Hyw-Young Hwang, Yeol-Eo Chyn, Jung Hur
      Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(1): 106.     CrossRef
    • A Study on the Relationship between Cultural Competence and Empathy of Nursing Students

      Journal of East-West Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 52.     CrossRef
    • Development of a Cultural Competence Scale for Nursing Students
      Seok-Young Han, Hyang-In Cho Chung
      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(5): 684.     CrossRef
    • Converged Influencing Factors on Compassion Competence in Clinical Nurses
      Hyea-Kyung Lee
      Journal of the Korea Convergence Society.2015; 6(5): 15.     CrossRef
    • University Nursing Students' Empathic Ability and Cultural Competency
      Mi Kyoung Cho, I Na Shin, Yea JIn Lee, Ji Hyo Lee, Eun Hye Jang, Hye Rin Jeong, Kyung Min Cha
      Perspectives in Nursing Science.2015; 12(2): 106.     CrossRef
    • The Effect of a Convergence Multi-cultural Nursing Education Program on Cultural Competence and Empathy for Nursing Students
      Grace Chang-keum Lee, Yeon-Suk Park, Hye-Kyung Lee, Keum-Jae Lee
      Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(12): 337.     CrossRef
    • Subjective View of and Attitude toward Multiculturalism in First-year Undergraduate Nursing Students after Completing a Multicultural Subject
      Eun-Ho Ha, Jin-Young Cho
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2015; 26(3): 248.     CrossRef
    • Mediating Effect of School Nurses' Self Efficacy between Multicultural Attitude and Cultural Sensitivity in Korean Elementary Schools
      Min Hyun Suk, Won Oak Oh, Yeo Jin Im, Hun Ha Cho
      Asian Nursing Research.2015; 9(3): 194.     CrossRef
    • The Effect of the Cultural Competence in Multicultural Nursing Education by Action Learning
      Yeon-Soon Kim, Jin-Young Kim
      Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(11): 6527.     CrossRef
    • The Study on Relationship between Characteristics of Cultural Exchanges, Self-efficacy, and Cultural Competency of Nursing Students
      Sun-Yi Yang
      The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2014; 14(7): 334.     CrossRef
    • Factors Influencing to the Cultural Competence in Nursing Students
      Young Sook Seo, Young-Chae Kwon
      Journal of Digital Convergence.2014; 12(6): 415.     CrossRef
    • A Proposed Teaching Model to Improve Cultural Competency Care for Undergraduate Korean Nursing Students
      Kyung Sook Choi, Sarah Morgan, Vipavee Thongpriwan, So Young Lee, Myunghee Jun
      The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2014; 20(3): 424.     CrossRef

    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Effects of a Multicultural Education Program on the Cultural Competence, Empathy and Self-efficacy of Nursing Students
      J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013;43(5):690-696.   Published online October 31, 2013
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    • 0
    We recommend
    Related articles
    Effects of a Multicultural Education Program on the Cultural Competence, Empathy and Self-efficacy of Nursing Students
    Image
    Figure 1 Conceptual framework of the process of cultural competence and self-efficacy.
    Effects of a Multicultural Education Program on the Cultural Competence, Empathy and Self-efficacy of Nursing Students

    Comparison of General Characteristics between Experimental and Control Groups

    *Fisher's exact test.

    Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

    Baseline Outcome Measures between Experimental and Control Groups

    Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

    Effect of Multicultural Educational Program

    w: Within group; b: Between group; Exp.=Experimental group(n=40); Cont.=Control group(n=40).

    Table 1 Comparison of General Characteristics between Experimental and Control Groups

    *Fisher's exact test.

    Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

    Table 2 Baseline Outcome Measures between Experimental and Control Groups

    Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

    Table 3 Effect of Multicultural Educational Program

    w: Within group; b: Between group; Exp.=Experimental group(n=40); Cont.=Control group(n=40).


    J Korean Acad Nurs : Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
    Close layer
    TOP