, 장명진2
, 김기웅3
, 소민4
, 최미나5
, 이은정6
, 조진수5
, 이지윤7
, 임광균8
, 김경미9
, 백해준8
, 왕선호10
, 최진오11
, Myung Jin Jang2
, Ki Ung Kim3
, Min So4
, Mi Na Choi5
, Eun Jung Lee6
, Jin Su Jo5
, Ji Yun Lee7
, Kwang Kyun Lim8
, Kyoung Mi Kim9
, Hae Jun Baek8
, Sun Ho Wang10
, Jin Oh Choi11
1동국대학교 WISE캠퍼스 간호대학 간호학과
2가천대 길병원 권역외상센터
3국군수도병원 국군외상센터
4원주세브란스기독병원 간호본부
5가톨릭대학교 의정부성모병원 간호본부
6국립중앙의료원 서울권역외상센터
7제주한라병원 권역외상센터
8충북대학교병원 권역외상센터
9단국대학교병원 권역외상센터
10강북삼성병원 간호본부
11아주대학교병원 간호본부
1Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Dongguk University-WISE, Gyeongju, South Korea
2Regional Trauma Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
3Armed Forces Trauma Center, Korean Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
4Department of Nursing, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, South Korea
5Department of Nursing, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, South Korea
6Regional Trauma Center, National Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
7Regional Trauma Center, Cheju Halla General Hospital, Jeju, South Korea
8Regional Trauma Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
9Department of Nursing, Dankook National University, Cheonan, South Korea
10Department of Nursing, Kanbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
11Department of Nursing, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
© 2026 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the Korean Association for Nurses of Trauma (KANT) for their support in the operation of the TESS course and their assistance in facilitating this research.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: TYY, MJJ, KUK. Data curation or/and Analysis: MJJ, KUK. Investigation: MS, MNC, EJL, JSJ, JYL, KKL, KMK, HJB, SHW, JNC. Project administration or/and Supervision: MJJ, KUK, JYL. Validation: TYY, MJJ. Visualization: TYY, MJJ. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: TYY, MJJ. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; CT, computed tomography; DCR, damage control resuscitation; EVD, external ventricular drain; FAST, focused assessment with sonography for trauma; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; IO, intraosseous; KTDB, Korean Trauma Data Bank; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; TESS, Trauma-nursing Education and Skill Support.
χ² and t-values indicate results of the chi-square test and independent t-test, respectively. Problem-solving, self-efficacy, knowledge, and self-confidence variables indicate baseline scores prior to intervention.
SD, standard deviation; BSN, Bachelor of Science in Nursing; CN, charge nurse; Con., control group; Exp., experimental group; MS, Master of Science; PA, physician assistant; RN, registered nurse.
| Session | Session title | Learning objectives and key content | Instructional strategies | Duration (min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lecture | ||||
| 1 | Trauma system | Understand the concept of trauma and the structure of the trauma system and explain the national-level trauma patient management system. | Presentation of Korean trauma statistics and key cases; hands-on practice calculating AIS and ISS scores. | 50 |
| • Definition of trauma | ||||
| • National and global trauma statistics | ||||
| • Role of regional trauma centers and transfer systems | ||||
| • Principles of AIS coding | ||||
| • ISS calculation | ||||
| • Case examples using KTDB | ||||
| 2 | Damage control resuscitation | Understand the concept and core principles of DCR and develop appropriate interventions for patients with massive hemorrhage. | Case analysis of hemorrhage management and problem-solving activities. | 50 |
| • Three pillars of DCR (hemorrhage control, hypothermia prevention, coagulopathy management) | ||||
| • Target blood pressure setting | ||||
| • Fluid restriction strategies | ||||
| • Hemostatic agent selection | ||||
| • Massive Transfusion Protocol | ||||
| 3 | Shock management | Understand the pathophysiology of various types of shock and establish priority nursing interventions based on the shock stage. | Case-based analysis of shock types and planning of priority nursing interventions. | 50 |
| • Pathophysiology and clinical signs of hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and septic shock | ||||
| • Initial assessment indicators (blood pressure, heart rate, skin response, etc.) | ||||
| • Interpretation of shock indices (Shock Index, lactate levels) | ||||
| • Nursing intervention protocols by shock type and severity | ||||
| 4 | Imaging for trauma | Understand the indications for imaging studies (X-ray, CT) in trauma patients and interpret key radiologic findings by injury site. | Practice interpreting lesion locations using diverse imaging materials and discuss indications for emergency interventions. | 50 |
| • Imaging protocols and positioning for FAST and chest/pelvis X-rays | ||||
| • Identification of critical findings in head, chest, and abdominal trauma via CT | ||||
| • Radiologic characteristics of pneumothorax and pelvic fractures | ||||
| 5 | Head trauma nursing | Understand the anatomical mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment principles of head trauma, and apply appropriate nursing interventions. | Analyze cases involving altered consciousness, practice GCS application, and EVD management procedures. | 50 |
| • Major anatomical structures of the brain | ||||
| • Classification of head trauma (epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage) | ||||
| • GCS assessment | ||||
| • EVD management and nursing care | ||||
| 6 | Spine trauma nursing | Understand the classification of spinal injuries, segment-specific symptoms, and procedures for immobilization and transport, and apply them in clinical practice. | Case-based learning using patients with spinal cord injuries to analyze injury level and appropriate care strategies. | 50 |
| • Characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine injuries | ||||
| • Spine precautions | ||||
| • Application of cervical collar (C-collar) | ||||
| • Log-roll technique | ||||
| • Long spine board transport standards | ||||
| 7 | Thoracic trauma nursing | Understand the pathophysiology of thoracic trauma and emergency management procedures and accurately perform nursing care related to chest tube insertion. | Case studies on thoracic trauma and guided learning of chest tube insertion procedures. | 50 |
| • Pathophysiology of flail chest, hemothorax, and pneumothorax | ||||
| • Indications and anatomical sites for chest tube insertion | ||||
| • Management of drainage systems | ||||
| 8 | Abdomen-pelvic trauma nursing | Understand the symptoms and diagnostic approaches for abdominal and pelvic trauma and establish priorities for nursing interventions. | Case analysis of abdominal pain, hands-on practice for hemorrhage control in pelvic fractures, and interpretation of FAST imaging. | 50 |
| • Differences between solid and hollow organ injuries | ||||
| • Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma | ||||
| • Characteristics of pelvic fractures | ||||
| • Identification of bleeding signs and nursing care priorities | ||||
| Simulation | ||||
| 1 | Hemorrhage control & nursing | Understand the indications for REBOA in patients with massive hemorrhage and the nurse’s role in preparation and monitoring during the procedure. | Hands-on practice with REBOA setup and procedure flow, balloon zone identification, and simulation-based patient monitoring. | 60 |
| • REBOA procedural steps (insertion, inflation, deflation) | ||||
| • Effectiveness depending on balloon zone placement | ||||
| • Key indicators for hemorrhage monitoring | ||||
| 2 | Immobilization nursing | Learn the types and application methods of immobilization devices used in trauma patient transport and stabilization and apply them in clinical scenarios. | Simulation of device application and removal, scenario-based practice for pelvic binder application. | 60 |
| • Indications and usage of cervical collars, Kendrick Extrication Device, and pelvic binders | ||||
| 3 | Nursing intervention for trauma patients I | Enhance nurses’ problem-solving skills and clinical decision-making through simulation of diverse trauma scenarios. | Team-based scenario response, problem identification, and intervention prioritization, debriefing with structured feedback. | 60 |
| Simulation case 1: Multiple trauma involving shock and head injury | ||||
| 4 | Nursing intervention for trauma patients II | Train nursing interventions and multidisciplinary collaboration in complex trauma situations. | Scenario-based communication and collaboration exercises, evaluation of nursing interventions, and role-specific feedback. | 60 |
| Simulation case 2: Multiple trauma involving thoracic injury and abdominal bleeding | ||||
| 5 | Catheterization management | Understand the indications and insertion procedures for catheter and IO devices, and practice methods for verifying placement and providing nursing care. | Practice IO insertion, verify placement using X-ray images, and simulate post-insertion monitoring and infection prevention care. | 60 |
| • Urinary catheterization | ||||
| • Indications and anatomical sites for IO insertion | ||||
| • Imaging-based confirmation of device placement |
| Characteristic | Mean±SD or n (%) | χ2 or t (p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=108) | Exp. (n=52) | Con. (n=56) | ||
| Age (yr) | 29.7±4.30 | 29.5±4.15 | 30.0±4.46 | –0.63 (.532) |
| Gender | 4.44 (.035) | |||
| Male | 22 (20.4) | 15 (28.8) | 7 (12.5) | |
| Female | 86 (79.6) | 37 (71.2) | 49 (87.5) | |
| Total clinical experience (mo) | 71.72±44.26 | 69.60±39.61 | 73.73±48.53 | –0.48 (.632) |
| Trauma center experience (mo) | 35.90±30.36 | 30.56±31.10 | 40.95±29.02 | –1.79 (.077) |
| Position | 4.45 (.108) | |||
| RN | 81 (75.0) | 40 (76.9) | 41 (73.2) | |
| CN | 19 (17.6) | 6 (11.5) | 13 (23.2) | |
| PA | 8 (7.4) | 6 (11.5) | 2 (3.6) | |
| Level of education | 5.99 (.050) | |||
| College | 4 (3.7) | 3 (5.8) | 1 (1.8) | |
| BSN | 94 (87.0) | 41 (78.8) | 53 (94.6) | |
| MS | 10 (9.3) | 8 (15.4) | 2 (3.6) | |
| Problem-solving ability | 111.98±3.97 | 111.43±3.06 | 0.21 (.832) | |
| Self-efficacy | 56.48±9.66 | 58.66±7.22 | –1.33 (.185) | |
| Trauma-related knowledge | 61.25±14.10 | 66.43±14.04 | –1.91 (.059) | |
| Variable | Mean±SD or n (%) | η2 | F | p | MD (p) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-education | Post-education | 6-mo follow-up | Pre vs. Post | Post vs. 6 mo | ||||
| Problem solving ability | 111.98±13.97 | 117.37±14.18 | 117.48±15.52 | 0.11 | 6.11 | .003 | 5.39 (.008) | 0.11 (.958) |
| Self-efficacy | 56.48±9.66 | 62.08±7.85 | 61.83±8.36 | 0.17 | 10.29 | <.001 | 5.60 (<.001) | –0.25 (.825) |
| Trauma-related knowledge | 61.25±14.10 | 84.13±10.65 | 76.15±11.66 | 0.65 | 94.35 | <.001 | 22.88 (<.001) | –7.98 (<.001) |
| Variable | Groups | Pre-test | 6-mo follow-up | Source | η2 | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Problem solving ability | Exp. | MD=5.50, p=.010 | Group | 3.03 | .085 | ||
| 111.98±13.97 | 117.48±15.52 | Time | 2.16 | .145 | |||
| Con. | MD=–1.88, p=.306 | Group*Time | 0.08 | 8.93 | .003 | ||
| 111.43±13.06 | 109.55±14.13 | ||||||
| Self-efficacy | Exp. | MD=5.35, p<.001 | Group | 0.15 | .701 | ||
| 56.48±9.66 | 61.83±8.36 | Time | 9.79 | .002 | |||
| Con. | MD=–0.05, p=.960 | Group*Time | 0.09 | 10.19 | .002 | ||
| 58.66±7.22 | 58.61±7.76 | ||||||
| Trauma-related knowledge | Exp. | MD=8.30, p<.001 | Group | 0.00 | .968 | ||
| 61.25±14.10 | 76.15±11.66 | Time | 54.43 | <.001 | |||
| Con. | MD=2.4, p=.020 | Group*Time | 0.12 | 14.61 | <.001 | ||
| 66.43±14.04 | 71.16±15.46 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; CT, computed tomography; DCR, damage control resuscitation; EVD, external ventricular drain; FAST, focused assessment with sonography for trauma; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; IO, intraosseous; KTDB, Korean Trauma Data Bank; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; TESS, Trauma-nursing Education and Skill Support.
χ² and t-values indicate results of the chi-square test and independent t-test, respectively. Problem-solving, self-efficacy, knowledge, and self-confidence variables indicate baseline scores prior to intervention. SD, standard deviation; BSN, Bachelor of Science in Nursing; CN, charge nurse; Con., control group; Exp., experimental group; MS, Master of Science; PA, physician assistant; RN, registered nurse.
SD, standard deviation; F, F statistic from repeated measures analysis of variance; MD, mean difference; η2, partial eta squared.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise stated. Con., control group; Exp., experimental group; F, F statistic from two-way repeated measures analysis of variance; MD, mean difference; η2, partial eta squared.
