, 문은주
, Eun Ju Mun
대구가톨릭대학교 간호대학
College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25112.
Supplementary Figure 1.
jkan-25112-Supplementary-Figure-1.pdf
Supplementary Figure 2.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: JHP, EJM. Data curation or/and Analysis: JHP, EJM. Funding acquisition: none. Investigation: JHP, EJM. Project administration or/and Supervision: JHP. Resources or/and Software: EJM. Validation: JHP, EJM. Visualization: EJM. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: JHP, EJM. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
Values are presented as number or mean±standard deviation unless otherwise stated.
CD, chronic disease; CDSM, chronic disease self-management model; CMI, comprehensive model of information looking; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DHL, digital health literacy; DM, diabetes mellitus; EHL, electronic health literacy; IMeHU, integrative model of eHealth use, KAB model, knowledge, attitude, behavior model; NR, not report; TRAM, technology readiness and acceptance model.
Q1: Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?; Q2: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?; Q3: Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?; Q4: Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?; Q5: Were confounding factors identified?; Q6: Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?; Q7: Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?; Q8: Was appropriate statistical analysis used?
MR, match rate; Y, yes; N, no.
| No. | Author (year) | Country | Setting | Participants | Sample size | Sampling | Age (yr) | Concept | DHL scale | DHL degree | Theory |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chae [A1] (2024) | Korea | Community | ≥65 | 132 | Convenience | 71.6±4.73 | EHL | KeHEALS | 3.90±0.52 | No |
| 2 | Cai et al. [A2] (2024) | China | Community | ≥65 | 578 | Random | 70.1±6.13 | EHL | CeHEALS | 2.39±0.30 | No |
| 3 | Cao et al. [A3] (2023) | China | Community | ≥60 | 4,218 | Stratified and multistage | 71.9±7.2 | EHL | CeHEALS | 12.57±10.00 | No |
| 4 | Choi [A4] (2022) | Korea | Community | ≥60 | 186 | Convenience | 75.6±5.98 | EHL | KeHEALS | 28.76±6.41 | No |
| 5 | Cui et al. [A5] (2021) | China | Community | ≥60 | 1,201 | Stratified cluster | 70.1±6.29 | EHL | eHEALS | 17.24±9.34 | No |
| 6 | Dai et al. [A7] (2024) | China | Community | ≥60 | 413 | Convenience | 70.8±6.71 | EHL | eHEALS | 23.26±6.00 | IMeHU |
| 7 | Ghazi et al. [A8] (2023) | Sweden | Community | ≥65 | 490 | NR | 77.9±7.49 | EHL | eHEALS | 3.44±1.27 | No |
| 8 | Hu et al. [A6] (2023) | China | Hospital | ≥60, CD | 235 | Convenience | NR | EHL | CeHEALS | 22.11±8.59 | CMI |
| 9 | Hwang et al. [A9] (2024) | Korea | Community | ≥65, living alone | 140 | Convenience | 76.3±4.67 | DHL | DHTL-AQ | 6.64±7.46 | No |
| 10 | Hwang et al. [A10] (2025) | Korea | Community | ≥65, living alone female | 145 | Convenience | 77.5±4.83 | DHL | DHTL-AQ | 4.85±6.92 | No |
| 11 | Jiang et al. [A11] (2023) | China | Hospital | ≥65, COPD | 230 | Convenience | NR | EHL | CeHEALS | 24.66±6.86 | EHL model |
| 12 | Kim et al. [A12] (2023) | Hong Kong | Community | ≥60 | 306 | Convenience | NR | EHL | eHEALS | 3.42±0.81 | TRAM |
| 13 | Kim et al. [A13] (2023) | Korea | Community | ≥65, DM | 252 | Convenience | 72.1±5.28 | EHL | KeHEALS | 2.93±1.01 | No |
| 14 | Kim and Sung [A14] (2022) | Korea | Hospital | ≥65, cancer | 140 | Convenience | 70.8±5.33 | DHL | KeHEALS | 22.22±7.7 | No |
| 2.78±0.97 | |||||||||||
| 15 | Lee et al. [A15] (2019) | Korea | Community | 60–79, female | 203 (60s:135, 70s: 68) | Convenience | NR | EHL | eHEALS | 60s:24.31±7.99 | No |
| 70s:17.07±9.51 | |||||||||||
| 16 | Leung et al. [A16] (2022) | Hong Kong | Community | ≥60 | 266 | NR | 64.5±4.26 | DHL | DHLI | 2.83±0.46 | Salutogenesis |
| 17 | Li et al. [A17] (2020) | China | Community | ≥60 | 1,201 | Stratified cluster | 70.0±6.0 | EHL | CeHEALS | 17.24±9.34 | No |
| 2.16±1.17 | |||||||||||
| 18 | Luo et al. [A18] (2025) | China | Community | ≥60 | 1,658 | Convenience | 72.1±5.28 | EHL | CeHEALS | 23.18±6.81 | No |
| 19 | Nam and Ha [A19] (2024) | Korea | Community | ≥65, CD, living alone | 91 | Convenience | NR | EHL | KeHEALS | 24.75±7.71 | No |
| 20 | Park [A20] (2024) | USA | Community | ≥65 | 191 | Convenience | 70.9±4.30 | EHL | CeHEALS | 27.63±7.82 | No |
| 21 | Ryu and Chae [A21] (2024) | Korea | Community | ≥65 | 150 | Quota | 70.8±4.92 | EHL | KeHEALS | 31.34±4.13 | No |
| 3.92±0.52 | |||||||||||
| 22 | Son and Han [A22] (2025) | Korea | Community | ≥65 | 197 | Convenience | 71.7±5.94 | DHL | KeHEALS | 21.97±8.38 | No |
| 23 | Song and Shin [A23] (2020) | Korea | Community | ≥65 | 102 | Convenience | 70.0±4.84 | EHL | KeHEALS | 28.35±5.01 | No |
| 24 | Wang et al. [A24] (2022) | China | Community | ≥60 | 425 | Convenience | NR | EHL | eHEALS | 16.54±4.177 | KAB model and health empowerment |
| 25 | Wong et al. [A25] (2022) | Hong Kong | Community | ≥60 | 68 | NR | 71.7±6.0 | EHL | CeHEALS | 25.0±8.7 | Health empowerment |
| 26 | Wu et al. [A26] (2022) | China | Nursing home | ≥60, CD | 289 | Convenience | 68.6±5.36 | EHL | CeHEALS | 19.15±9.60 | CDSM |
| 27 | Zhu and Yang [A27] (2023) | China | Community | ≥60 | 6,183 | Convenience | 72.6±5.36 | EHL | CeHEALS | 21.17±8.25 | No |
| Category | Related variables | MA | Correlation with DHL | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| + | – | NS | |||
| Demographic | Age | O | [A7,A9,A10,A11,A14,A18,A19,A22,A23] | [A4,A8,A15] | |
| Sex (male) | O | [A8,A19,A22,A27] | [A7] | [A3,A9,A11,A14,A16,A18,A23] | |
| Physical | HRQoL | O | [A6,A27] | ||
| Cognitive function | O | [A9,A17] | [A4] | ||
| No. of chronic diseases | O | [A10,A27] | [A4] | ||
| Perceived health status | O | [A4,A7,A9,A10,A20,A23] | |||
| Sleep problem | X | [A9] | |||
| Successful aging | X | [A1] | |||
| Behavioral | Adherence of medication | X | [A19] | ||
| Continued usage intention | X | [A12] | |||
| Health-promoting behavior | O | [A5,A17,A23,A24] | [A15] | ||
| Health information-seeking behavior | X | [A4] | |||
| m-health use | X | [A13] | |||
| Self-care behavior | O | [A24,A25,A26] | [A22] | ||
| Psychosocial | Anxiety about the future | X | [A16] | ||
| Depressive symptoms | X | [A27] | |||
| Family care | X | [A6] | |||
| General self-efficacy | O | [A9,A11,A14,A18,A22,A24,A26] | |||
| Health agreeableness | X | [A6] | |||
| Health anxiety | X | [A20] | |||
| Health conscientiousness | X | [A6] | |||
| Health extraversion | X | [A6] | |||
| Health neuroticism | X | [A6] | |||
| Health openness | X | [A6] | |||
| Information satisfaction | X | [A16] | |||
| Information self⁃efficacy | X | [A8] | |||
| Innovativeness | X | [A12] | |||
| Loneliness | X | [A10] | |||
| Optimism | X | [A12] | |||
| Psychological distress | X | [A7] | |||
| Self-identity | X | [A2] | |||
| Sense of coherence | X | [A16] | |||
| Social isolation | X | [A10] | |||
| Social support | O | [A1,A11,A13,A18,A26] | [A14] | ||
| Social capital | O | [A2] | |||
| Cognitive social capital | O | [A3] | [A5] | ||
| Structure social capital | O | [A3,A5] | |||
| Technological self-efficacy | X | [A21] | |||
| Technophobia | O | [A11,A18] | |||
| Cognitive | Aging attitudes | X | [A11] | ||
| Attitude toward using DHT | X | [A12] | |||
| Digital information level | O | [A14,A21] | |||
| Educational participation motivation | X | [A2] | |||
| Health literacy | X | [A19] | |||
| Perceived eHealth importance | X | [A4] | |||
| Perceived eHealth usability | O | [A4,A12] | |||
| Perceived ease of use | X | [A12] | |||
| Perceived importance of app design | X | [A13] | |||
| Web search skills | X | [A11] | |||
| No. | Authors (year) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chae [A1] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 2 | Cai et al. [A2] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 3 | Cao et al. [A3] (2023) | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 4 | Choi [A4] (2022) | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 6 |
| 5 | Cui et al. [A5] (2021) | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 6 | Hu et al. [A6] (2023) | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 7 | Dai et al. [A7] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 7 |
| 8 | Ghazi et al. [A8] (2023) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 9 | Hwang et al. [A9] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 10 | Hwang et al. [A10] (2025) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 11 | Jiang et al. [A11] (2023) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 12 | Kim et al. [A12] (2023) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 7 |
| 13 | Kim et al. [A13] (2023) | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 14 | Kim and Sung [A14] (2022) | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 15 | Lee et al. [A15] (2019) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 16 | Leung et al. [A16] (2022) | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 17 | Li et al. [A17] (2020) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 18 | Luo et al. [A18] (2025) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 19 | Nam and Ha [A19] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 20 | Park [A20] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 21 | Ryu and Chae [A21] (2024) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 22 | Son and Han [A22] (2025) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 23 | Song and Shin [A23] (2020) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| 24 | Wang et al. [A24] (2022) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6 |
| 25 | Wong et al. [A25] (2022) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 7 |
| 26 | Wu et al. [A26] (2022) | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| 27 | Zhu and Yang [A27] (2023) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 |
| MR (%) | 100 | 94 | 100 | 88 | 100 | 94 | 100 | 100 |
| Related variables | k | ESr | 95% CI | Z | p | Homogeneity test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | p | I2 | ||||||
| Total overall effect size | 51 | .24 | .16 to .32 | 5.80 | <.001 | 1944.89 | <.001 | 97.4 |
| Demographic factors | 10 | .02 | –.13 to .17 | 0.25 | .802 | 83.50 | <.001 | 89.2 |
| Age | 2 | –.35 | –.68 to .11 | –1.48 | .136 | 18.70 | <.001 | 94.7 |
| Sex (male) | 8 | .10 | .02 to .18 | 2.56 | .010 | 26.30 | <.001 | 73.4 |
| Physical factors | 13 | .22 | .11 to .32 | 3.90 | <.001 | 141.47 | <.001 | 91.5 |
| HRQoL | 2 | .33 | –.04 to .62 | 1.77 | .077 | 56.97 | <.001 | 98.2 |
| Cognitive function | 3 | .28 | .18 to .36 | 5.70 | <.001 | 4.08 | .130 | 51.0 |
| No. of chronic conditions | 2 | –.15 | –.25 to –.04 | –2.68 | .007 | 0.13 | .714 | 0.0 |
| Perceived health status | 6 | .26 | .16 to .36 | 4.84 | <.001 | 18.00 | .003 | 72.2 |
| Behavioral factors | 9 | .40 | .30 to .48 | 7.50 | <.001 | 52.93 | <.001 | 84.9 |
| Health-promoting behavior | 5 | .42 | .32 to .50 | 7.87 | <.001 | 17.33 | .002 | 76.9 |
| Self-care behavior | 4 | .38 | .17 to .55 | 3.40 | .001 | 32.05 | <.001 | 90.6 |
| Psychosocial factors | 15 | .23 | .04 to .40 | 2.39 | .003 | 1168.35 | <.001 | 98.8 |
| General self-efficacy | 7 | .37 | .28 to .46 | 7.16 | <.001 | 29.48 | <.001 | 79.6 |
| Social support | 6 | .33 | .24 to .42 | 6.58 | <.001 | 21.68 | .001 | 76.9 |
| Technophobia | 2 | –.55 | –.47 to –.40 | –3.16 | .002 | 29.91 | <.001 | 96.7 |
| Cognitive factors | 4 | .50 | .33 to .64 | 5.33 | <.001 | 22.60 | <.001 | 86.5 |
| Digital information level | 2 | .62 | .55 to .69 | 12.35 | <.001 | 0.02 | .890 | 0.0 |
| Perceived eHealth usability | 2 | .37 | .29 to .44 | 8.51 | <.001 | 0.54 | .461 | 0.0 |
| Number | Search query |
|---|---|
| CINAHL: Results 1st search (n=9,585), 2nd search (n=647) | |
| #1 | (MH "Computer Literacy") OR computer literac* OR digital health literacy OR digital health OR digital literacy OR digital disparity OR digital divide OR technology literacy OR technology disparity OR technology divide OR health technology literacy OR mhealth literacy OR m-health literacy OR mobile health literacy OR mobile health education OR ehealth literacy OR e-health literacy OR electronic health literacy OR Internet literacy OR internet health literacy OR telehealth literacy OR tele-health literacy OR online literacy OR telemedicine literacy OR tele-medicine literacy OR electronic health information OR electronic health information literacy OR web based health literacy |
| #2 | (MH "Aged+") OR old* OR aged person OR aging OR senior OR ((older* OR elder* OR aged) AND people) OR ((older* OR elder*) AND adult*) |
| #3 | S1 AND S2 |
| PubMed: Results 1st search (n=3,689), 2nd search (n=1,519) | |
| #1 | "Computer Literacy"[Mesh] OR "computer literac*"[TIAB] |
| #2 | digital health literacy[TIAB] OR digital health[TIAB] OR digital literacy[TIAB] OR digital disparity[TIAB] OR digital divide[TIAB] OR technology literacy[TIAB] OR technology disparity[TIAB] OR technology divide[TIAB] OR health technology literacy[TIAB] OR mhealth literacy[TIAB] OR m-health literacy[TIAB] OR mobile health literacy[TIAB] OR mobile health education[TIAB] OR ehealth literacy[TIAB] OR e-health literacy[TIAB] OR electronic health literacy[TIAB] OR Internet literacy[TIAB] OR internet health literacy[TIAB] OR telehealth literacy[TIAB] OR tele-health literacy[TIAB] OR online literacy[TIAB] OR telemedicine literacy[TIAB] OR tele-medicine literacy[TIAB] OR electronic health information[TIAB] OR electronic health information literacy[TIAB] OR web based health literacy[TIAB] |
| #3 | "Aged"[Mesh] OR "Aged"[TIAB] OR "Elderly"[TIAB] |
| #4 | "old*"[TIAB] OR "aged person"[TIAB] OR "aging"[TIAB] OR "senior"[TIAB] OR ((older*[TIAB] OR elder*[TIAB] OR aged[TIAB]) AND people[TIAB]) OR ((older*[TIAB] OR elder*[TIAB]) AND adult*[TIAB]) |
| #5 | #1 OR #2 |
| #6 | #3 OR #4 |
| #7 | #5 AND #6 |
| Cochrane Library: Results 1st search (n=8,969), 2nd search (n=277) | |
| #1 | MeSH descriptor: [Computer Literacy] explode all trees |
| #2 | computer literac* OR ((digital OR technology OR mhealth OR m-health OR mobile OR ehealth OR e-health OR electronic OR Internet OR telehealth OR tele-health OR online OR telemedicine OR tele-medicine) NEAR/4 (literac* OR disparity OR divide)) OR mobile health education OR electronic health information OR web based health literacy |
| #3 | #1 OR #2 |
| #4 | MeSH descriptor: [Aged] explode all trees |
| #5 | old* OR aging OR senior ((ag* OR older* OR elder*) NEAR/2 (person* OR people OR adult*)) |
| #6 | #4 OR #5 |
| #7 | #3 AND #6 |
Values are presented as number or mean±standard deviation unless otherwise stated. CD, chronic disease; CDSM, chronic disease self-management model; CMI, comprehensive model of information looking; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DHL, digital health literacy; DM, diabetes mellitus; EHL, electronic health literacy; IMeHU, integrative model of eHealth use, KAB model, knowledge, attitude, behavior model; NR, not report; TRAM, technology readiness and acceptance model.
DHL, digital health literacy; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; MA, meta-analysis; NS, not significant; DHT, digital health technology; +, positive correlation; -, negative correlation; O, literature included in the meta-analysis; X, literature not included in the meta-analysis.
Q1: Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?; Q2: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?; Q3: Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?; Q4: Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?; Q5: Were confounding factors identified?; Q6: Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?; Q7: Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?; Q8: Was appropriate statistical analysis used? MR, match rate; Y, yes; N, no.
CI, confidence interval; ESr, effect size; HRQoL, health related quality of life; I2, the proportion of true variance; k, number of cases; Q, Q-value between subgroups.
