, 전미경2
, 최수영3
, 이미미4
, 최수정5
, Mi-Kyeong Jeon2
, Suyoung Choi3
, Mimi Lee4
, Su Jung Choi5
1울산대학교 임상전문간호학
2국립창원대학교 간호학과
3제주대학교 간호대학
4서울대학교병원 감염관리센터
5성균관대학교 임상간호대학원
1Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
2Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
3College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
4Infection Control Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
5Graduate School of Clinical Nursing Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
“제가 처음 신생아중환자실 주치의를 할 때, 신생아중환자실에서는 사실 전문간호사가 여기서는 너무 필수적으로 의사만큼, 의사보다 더 오히려 더 중요할 수 있다고 생각하거든요. (중략). 의료의 질은 결국에는 간호의 핸들링인데 전문간호사가 그것도 할 수 있고 메디컬 디시전이나 커뮤니케이션까지 할 수 있어서. (중략). 전공의가 없어도... 인력이 굉장히 없음에도 불구하고 이 인력이 굉장히 잘 활용하면 의료의 질을 높일 수 있죠.” (참여자 17 전문의)
“의정사태가 생기면서, 중환자실에서는 당직이나 아니면 전공의가 없을 때 이곳을 어떻게 채우고 환자를 돌볼 것인가 (중략). 다른 병원에서는 전문간호사가 있어서 잘 된다 이런 얘기를 듣고, 그럼 빠르게 우리 또 시작하자라고 얘기가 나와서 정말 그때 1–2주 만에 저희가 시작했어요.” (참여자 9 전담간호사)
“저희 병원에서는 그러니까 이게 병원마다 이제 시스템을 다 다르게 갖추고 있다 보니 이걸 전체적으로 합치기가 어려운데, 일단 저희 병원 안에서는 일반 처치 전담(간호사), 특수 처치 전담(간호사)이 있고, 그리고 임상 전담간호사라고도 하고... 근데 간호사들이 굉장히 헷갈려 해요.” (참여자 13 간호관리자)
“전공의 역할도 하지만 전공의 선생님들이 빠뜨린 거... (중략). 용량 같은 것도 신생아에 맞게 내야 되기 때문에 어떻게 내야 되는 거를 다 슈퍼바이저를 전문간호사가 하는 거예요. (중략). 2017년도부터 계속 그렇게 하고 있고 그때는 신생아중환자실 전공의가 줄면서 이렇게 더 하게 되었죠.” (참여자 16 전담간호사)
“지금 할 수 있는 침습적 처치, 내가 바라는 처치는 아까 얘기 C-line, PICC, mid-line, A-line, 흉관 관리, 이런 침습적 처치와 의무기록 정리, 차팅 기술이라든지 이런 거는 교육을 받고 와서 직접 전문간호사들이 했으면 좋겠어요.” (참여자 21 전문의)
“전문간호사, 전담간호사의 역할에서 전문적인 판단, 의사결정능력 이런 부분이 좀 중요하다고 언급 드렸는데, 이런 업무에 있어서의 어떤 내용적인 측면 말고 태도의 측면에서 저는 가장 중요한 게 전문가라 하면 능동성이라고 생각을 하거든요.” (참여자 3 간호관리자)
“경력 5년 이상에 전문간호사 있어야 되고 이렇게 했는데, 이게 당장 사람이 많이 필요한데, 그 기준이 되는 사람이 없더라고요.” (참여자 7 전문의)
“자격이나 면허는 반드시 필요해요. 그거는 사회적인 합의라는 의미가 있어요. (중략) 그게 있어야 하지만 이들이 제대로 활동할 수 있고 치료를 제공하는 사람들이 애매한 부분에 서 있다가 위험에 휘말리지 않을 수가 있습니다.” (참여자 26 전문의)
“전문간호사협회에서 주관을 해서, 중환자협회, 응급의학회 이렇게 세분화돼 있는 진료과별 세션들이 있잖아요. (중략). 전문간호사 이상이면 이 세션에 참여해서 거기 핸즈오프 강의를 들으면 이제 이수증을 딴다든지... 교육 평점을 유지해 준다든지...” (참여자 14 간호관리자)
“이게 전문간호사제도 안에도 경력사다리제도가 좀 있어야 돼요. 전공의들 사이에는 chief, 간호사들 사이에는 책임간호사가 있는 것처럼…”(참여자 3 간호관리자)
“어쨌든 의대 교육과정이 (중략) 질병의 병태생리나 질병을 진단하려는 거를 가장 어떻게 보면 우선시하거든요. 근데 이제 그런 면에서 전문간호사들이 가장 조금 약하다고 할 수 있죠. 그러니 상급실무제공자는 그런 교육과정이 필요하죠.” (참여자 24 전문의)
“프로토콜 만드는 걸 지금 초안 세팅하고 하고 있거든요. (중략) 하나하나 다 프로토콜을 만들어 놔야지 나중에 혹시 문제가 됐을 때 저희도 보호를 받을 수 있고, 그리고 병원도 사실 그게 책임이나 이런 거에서 벗어날 수 있다고 생각해서 만들고 있어요.” (참여자 12 전문간호사)
“승진이 없어요. 10년이 지나도 그냥 전문간호사 중에 원 오브 뎀이고 전문간호사의 시조새 이런 말이나 듣고 있는 그런 상황이라는 얘기죠. 그래서 여기도 체계를 만들어 줘야 돼요. (중략). 지금 제가 말씀드린 문제들이 해결이 되지 않으면 지속 가능한 것이 되기 쉽지 않아요.” (참여자 25 전문의)
“상급실무제공자로서 일하는 간호사들의 직업적 안정성을 보장해 주고 그들의 그 권리를 좀 보장해 줄 수 있는 안전망들에 대한 고민은 있는가를 좀 생각을 해보면 좋을 것 같고, 그래서 사실 전문간호사의 최소 월급이 얼마여야 되나 좀 얘기가 있으면 좋겠다. (중략). 저는 의사가 간호사보다 많이 받아야 한다 이런 게 아니라, 수련과정에 있는 사람보다는 자격이 있는 상급실무를 하는 사람이 더 보수가 많아야 한다고 생각해요.” (참여자 10 전문의)
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This study was supported by funding from the Seoul Nurses Association in 2024.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: JHK, SJC. Data curation or/and Analysis: JHK, MKJ, SC, ML, SJC. Funding acquisition: JHK, SJC. Investigation: JHK, ML, SJC. Project administration or/and Supervision: SJC. Resources or/and Software: MKJ, SC. Validation: JHK, SJC. Visualization: JHK. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: JHK, MKJ, SC, ML, SJC. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| No. | Age (yr) | Gender | Position | Clinical career (yr) | Practice area | Hospital type | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45 | Woman | APN | 22.50 | Oncology medicine | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 2 | 33 | Woman | CPN | 11.42 | OBGY | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 3 | 44 | Woman | Nurse manager | 21.67 | Acute care surgery | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 4 | 42 | Woman | Nurse manager | 18.67 | OBGY | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 5 | 39 | Woman | Attending physician | 14.50 | Oncology medicine | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 6 | 34 | Woman | Attending physician | 5.00 | Acute care surgery | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 7 | 48 | Man | Attending physician | 8.67 | Hematology-oncology | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 8 | 40 | Woman | Nurse manager | 17.50 | Hematology-oncology | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 9 | 30 | Woman | CPN | 6.42 | Hematology-oncology | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 10 | 40 | Woman | Attending physician | 6.17 | CCM | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 11 | 40 | Woman | Nurse manager | 17.50 | Neurosurgical ICU | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 12 | 29 | Woman | APN | 5.25 | Neurosurgery | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 13 | 42 | Woman | Nurse manager | 18.25 | Neonatal ICU | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 14 | 45 | Woman | Nurse manager | 22.50 | Surgical ICU | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 15 | 34 | Woman | APN | 10.42 | Surgical ICU | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 16 | 42 | Woman | CPN | 20.42 | Pediatrics | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 17 | 38 | Woman | Attending physician | 11.42 | Pediatrics | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 18 | 51 | Man | Attending physician | 20.75 | Pediatrics | Tertiary | Seoul |
| 19 | 41 | Woman | APN | 16.00 | Medical ICU | Tertiary | Gyeonggi-do |
| 20 | 45 | Woman | Nurse manager | 23.50 | Surgical ICU | Tertiary | Gyeonggi-do |
| 21 | 45 | Woman | Attending physician | 20.00 | CCM | Tertiary | Gyeonggi-do |
| 22 | 40 | Woman | APN | 14.75 | Surgical ICU | Tertiary | Gyeonggi-do |
| 23 | 43 | Woman | Nurse manager | 15.50 | Medical ICU | Tertiary | Gyeonggi-do |
| 24 | 52 | Man | Attending physician | 26.75 | Thoracic surgery | Tertiary | Gyeonggi-do |
| 25 | 56 | Man | Attending physician | 20.00 | Nephrology | General | Daejeon |
| 26 | 41 | Man | Attending physician | 13.00 | Hematology-oncology | General | Daejeon |
| 27 | 37 | Woman | APN | 14.75 | Hematology-oncology | General | Daejeon |
| 28 | 37 | Woman | CPN | 12.75 | Hemodialysis room | General | Daejeon |
| 29 | 42 | Woman | Nurse manager | 20.00 | Internal medicine | General | Daejeon |
| 30 | 45 | Woman | Nurse manager | 24.83 | Hematology-oncology | General | Daejeon |
| Themes | Category |
|---|---|
| Utilization of diverse APPs to ensure quality care | Deployment and utilization of APPs across various clinical settings |
| Government-led expansion of advanced practice roles amid physician-government conflicts | |
| Confusion caused by the diverse roles and titles of APPs | |
| Expanding the scope of practice of APPs | Expanded roles of APPs |
| Competencies required for APPs | |
| Requirements to ensure the quality of APPs | Need for consensus on minimum experience and licensing requirements |
| Certification and maintenance of qualifications for APPs | |
| Development of competency-based curricula including both theoretical and practical training for APPs | |
| Establishment of legal regulations regarding the scope of practice and determination of work boundaries using job descriptions | |
| Strategies for sustainable management of APP workforce | Establishment of systematic human resource management frameworks |
| Development of compensation systems for advanced practice work |
| Characteristics | Value |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Men | 7 (14.3) |
| Women | 42 (85.7) |
| Age (yr) | 46.8±6.82 (33–62) |
| 30–39 | 7 (14.3) |
| 40–49 | 24 (49.0) |
| 50–59 | 17 (34.7) |
| ≥60 | 1 (2.0) |
| Position | |
| Advanced practice nurse | 10 (20.4) |
| Clinical practice nurse | 10 (20.4) |
| With APN certificate | 7 (70.0) |
| Without APN certificate | 3 (30.0) |
| Nurse manager | 10 (20.4) |
| Nursing professor | 10 (20.4) |
| Physician | 9 (18.4) |
| Department: Surgical | 5 (55.6) |
| Department: Medical | 3 (33.3) |
| Department: Pediatrics | 1 (11.1) |
| Education | |
| Bachelor’s | 2 (4.1) |
| Master’s | 28 (57.1) |
| Doctoral | 19 (38.8) |
| Field experience (yr) | 16.78±7.96 (1–37) |
| <10 | 4 (8.2) |
| 10–19 | 30 (61.2) |
| 20–29 | 10 (20.4) |
| ≥30 | 5 (10.2) |
| Clinical experience (yr) | 19.92±8.85 (2–37) |
| <10 | 5 (10.2) |
| 10–19 | 17 (34.7) |
| 20–29 | 19 (38.8) |
| ≥30 | 8 (16.3) |
| Domain | Item | Mean±SD | Consensus | Convergence | CV | CVR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | ||
| 1. Definition of APPs | |||||||||||
| 1-1. Definition of APNs as APPs | 1-1-1 | 3.59±0.57 | 3.92±0.28 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .16 | .07 | .92 | 1 |
| 1-2. Minimum qualification standards | 1-2-1 | 3.35±0.66 | 3.19±0.49 | .67 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .20 | .15 | .80 | .92 |
| 1-2-2 | 3.61±0.61 | 3.88±0.39 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .17 | .10 | .88 | .96 | |
| 1-2-3 | 3.35±0.72 | 3.27±0.49 | .67 | .67 | .50 | .50 | .22 | .15 | .80 | .96 | |
| 2. Scope of practice of APPs | |||||||||||
| 2-1. Legal regulations regarding scope of practice | 2-1-1 | 3.76±0.48 | 3.96±0.20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | .13 | .05 | .96 | 1 |
| 2-1-2 | 3.71±0.50 | 3.94±0.32 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .13 | .08 | .96 | .96 | |
| 2-1-3 | 3.69±0.51 | 3.92±0.35 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .14 | .09 | .96 | .96 | |
| 2-2. Development of job description based on advanced practice | 2-2-1 | 3.65±0.56 | 3.96±0.20 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .15 | .05 | .92 | 1 |
| 2-2-2 | 3.86±0.41 | 3.92±0.35 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | .11 | .09 | .96 | .96 | |
| 2-2-3 | 3.76±0.52 | 3.94±0.24 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | .14 | .06 | .92 | 1 | |
| 3. Educational programs for APPs | |||||||||||
| 3-1. Standardization of core theory and practicum curriculum | 3-1-1 | 3.80±0.41 | 4.00±0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | .11 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 3-1-2 | 3.65±0.56 | 3.96±0.20 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .15 | .05 | .92 | 1 | |
| 3-1-3 | 3.29±0.79 | 3.23±0.52 | .67 | .67 | .50 | .50 | .24 | .16 | .67 | .92 | |
| 3-2. Mandatory completion of accredited advanced practice nursing education or specialty training | 3-2-1 | 3.53±0.71 | 3.92±0.35 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .20 | .09 | .84 | .96 |
| 3-2-2 | 3.39±0.84 | 3.79±0.62 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .25 | .16 | .80 | .88 | |
| 4. Credentialing and regulation of APPs | |||||||||||
| 4-1. Establishment of certification system | 4-1-1 | 3.76±0.56 | 3.96±0.20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | .15 | .05 | .96 | 1 |
| 4-2. Establishment of a re-certification system | 4-2-1 | 3.79±0.45 | 3.96±0.20 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .12 | .05 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-2-2 | 3.49±0.71 | 3.90±0.37 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .20 | .10 | .84 | .96 | |
| 5. Support systems for APPs | |||||||||||
| 5-1. Organizational system for human resource management | 5-1-1 | 3.71±0.50 | 3.94±0.32 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .13 | .08 | .96 | .96 |
| 5-1-2 | 3.67±0.52 | 3.98±0.14 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .14 | .04 | .96 | 1 | |
| 5-1-3 | 3.49±0.62 | 3.81±0.49 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .18 | .13 | .88 | .92 | |
| 5-2. Compensation for advanced practice roles | 5-2-1 | 3.67±0.55 | 3.88±0.39 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .15 | .10 | .92 | .96 |
| 5-2-2 | 3.59±0.61 | 3.90±0.31 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .17 | .08 | .88 | 1 | |
| 5-2-3 | 3.53±0.62 | 3.85±0.46 | .75 | 1 | .50 | 0 | .17 | .12 | .88 | .92 | |
| Domain | Item |
|---|---|
| 1. Definition and qualifications for APPs | |
| 1-1. Definition of APPs | 1-1-1. Nurses who provide advanced-level medical services beyond direct nursing care, based on professional knowledge, clinical experience, and advanced competencies, to address patients’ health problems. |
| 1-2. Minimum qualification standards (must meet all three criteria) | 1-2-1. At least 5 years of clinical experience in a general hospital or higher-level medical institution, including a minimum of 3 years of experience in the relevant specialty. |
| 1-2-2. Registered nurses who have obtained a APN certification or completed a specialty-specific education program accredited by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. | |
| 1-2-3. Completion of required theoretical education and field practicum before starting the role (including clinical and nursing department evaluations). | |
| 2. Scope of practice of APPs | |
| 2-1. Legal regulations regarding scope of practice | 2-1-1. Establishment of legal standards for delegated tasks that APPs are authorized to perform (e.g., Medical Service Act, Nursing Act, Emergency Medical Services Act). |
| 2-1-2. Establishment of a reimbursement system based on advanced nursing practice. | |
| 2-1-3. Establishment of institutional regulations related to accreditation (e.g., staffing standards for APPs). | |
| 2-2. Development of job descriptions based on advanced practice | 2-2-1. Development of specialized roles for APPs in clinical practice. |
| 2-2-2. Clear definition of roles and responsibilities (e.g., scope of practice, prescription authority, etc.). | |
| 2-2-3. Documentation of interdisciplinary agreements regarding roles and responsibilities, including confirmation by the relevant physician and approval by the hospital director. | |
| 3. Educational programs for APPs | |
| 3-1. Standardization of core theory and practicum curriculum | 3-1-1. Standardization of educational programs for APPs. |
| 3-1-2. Establishment of an accreditation system for APP education programs. | |
| 3-1-3. Core theoretical courses provided by graduate-level institutions or institutions recognized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, with practicum conducted at general hospitals or higher-level institutions. | |
| 3-2. Mandatory completion of accredited advanced practice nursing education or specialty training | 3-2-1. Mandatory completion of role-specific specialty clinical training. |
| 3-2-2. Completion of training in advanced clinical procedures (e.g., endotracheal intubation, central venous catheter insertion and management), conducted by professional societies or advanced general hospitals. | |
| 4. Credentialing and regulation of APPs | |
| 4-1. Establishment of certification system | 4-1-1. Development of a standardized credentialing system. |
| 4-2. Establishment of a re-certification system | 4-2-1. Regular re-certification based on continuing education in the specialty. |
| 4-2-2. Multidisciplinary continuing education recognized for re-certification (e.g., courses offered by professional societies and physician CME programs). | |
| 5. Support systems for APPs | |
| 5-1. Organizational system for human resource management | 5-1-1. Establishment of a dedicated organizational unit for APPs within the nursing department (with cooperation from the clinical department for personnel management). |
| 5-1-2. Formation of a dedicated APP committee (for adjusting scope of practice, resolving ethical conflicts, etc.). | |
| 5-1-3. Establishment of promotion pathways. | |
| 5-2. Compensation for advanced practice roles | 5-2-1. Provision of APP-specific allowances. |
| 5-2-2. Development of a compensation system based on APP career levels. | |
| 5-2-3. Development of a compensation system based on APP performance. |
APN, advanced practice nurse; CCM, critical care medicine; CPN, clinical practice nurse; ICU, intensive care unit; OBGY, obstetrics and gynecology.
APP, advanced practice provider.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation (min–max). APN, advanced practice nurse.
APN, advanced practice nurse; APP, advanced practice provider; CV, coefficient of variation; CVR, content validity ratio; R1, Delphi round 1; R2, Delphi round 2; SD, standard deviation.
APN, advanced practice nurse; APP, advanced practice provider; CME, continuing medical education.
