, 정석희2
, 김현경2
, 장형은2
, Seok Hee Jeong2
, Hyun Kyung Kim2
, Hyoung Eun Chang2
1전북대학교 대학원 간호학과
2전북대학교 간호대학ㆍ간호과학연구소
1Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
2College of NursingㆍResearch Institute of Nursing Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
Seok Hee Jeong serves as an editor of the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing but has no role in the decision to publish this article. Except for that, no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
None.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: all authors. Data curation or/and Analysis: HC, SHJ. Funding acquisition: none. Investigation: HC, SHJ. Project administration or/and Supervision: SHJ. Resources or/and Software: none. Validation: all authors. Visualization: all authors. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: all authors. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| Characteristic | n (%) or M±SD | Turnover intention | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | t or F | p | Post-hoca) | ||
| Age (yr) | 31.2±5.48 | 2.02b) | .140 | ||
| 24–29 | 93 (44.7) | 2.93±0.96 | |||
| 30–39 | 96 (46.2) | 2.92±0.95 | |||
| ≥40 | 19 (9.1) | 2.68±0.42 | |||
| Gender | –1.09 | .285 | |||
| Men | 16 (7.7) | 3.05±0.52 | |||
| Women | 192 (92.3) | 2.89±0.94 | |||
| Marital status | 2.32 | .022 | |||
| Single | 133 (63.9) | 3.00±0.97 | |||
| Married | 75 (36.1) | 2.72±0.79 | |||
| Religion | 3.58 | .721 | |||
| No | 147 (70.7) | 2.92±0.94 | |||
| Yes | 61 (29.3) | 2.87±0.85 | |||
| Education level | 3.29 | .022 | |||
| Associate’s degree1 | 7 (3.4) | 3.34±1.25 | 1>4 | ||
| College2 | 163 (78.4) | 2.96±0.90 | |||
| University3 | 20 (9.6) | 2.82±0.85 | |||
| ≥Master’s degree4 | 18 (8.6) | 2.32±0.79 | |||
| Total clinical career (yr) | 7.17±4.80 | 3.32 | .038 | ||
| 1–<51 | 73 (35.1) | 3.04±0.90 | 1>3 | ||
| 5–<102 | 92 (44.2) | 2.94±0.95 | |||
| ≥103 | 43 (20.7) | 2.60±0.80 | |||
| Clinical career at current hospital (yr) | 6.28±4.59 | –2.09 | .103 | ||
| <3 | 56 (26.9) | 3.05±0.85 | |||
| 3–<5 | 36 (17.3) | 3.01±1.00 | |||
| 5–<10 | 81 (38.9) | 2.89±0.94 | |||
| ≥10 | 35 (16.9) | 2.58±0.81 | |||
| Clinical career at the current work (yr) | 3.94±3.01 | 0.16 | .926 | ||
| <1 | 27 (13.0) | 2.97±0.77 | |||
| 1–<3 | 69 (33.2) | 2.84±0.93 | |||
| 3–<5 | 44 (21.1) | 2.92±0.86 | |||
| ≥5 | 68 (32.7) | 2.92±1.01 | |||
| Position | 1.56 | .120 | |||
| Staff nurse | 176 (84.6) | 2.94±0.91 | |||
| Charge nurse | 32 (15.4) | 2.67±0.95 | |||
| Shift pattern | –1.46 | .146 | |||
| Non-shift | 11 (5.3) | 2.51±0.63 | |||
| Shift | 197 (94.7) | 2.92±0.93 | |||
| Work department | 0.75 | .562 | |||
| Medical ward | 60 (28.8) | 2.98±0.91 | |||
| Surgical ward | 47 (22.6) | 2.84±0.80 | |||
| Comprehensive nursing care ward | 25 (12.0) | 2.64±0.99 | |||
| Intensive care unit | 69 (33.2) | 2.96±0.95 | |||
| Others | 7 (3.4) | 3.00±1.18 | |||
| Night shift (day/mo) | 6.00±2.51 | 3.06 | .029 | ||
| 0 | 9 (4.3) | 2.51±0.78 | |||
| 1–4 | 29 (13.9) | 2.59±0.71 | |||
| 5–6 | 111 (53.4) | 2.89±0.92 | |||
| ≥7 | 59 (28.4) | 3.14±0.97 | |||
| Employment type | –0.62 | .538 | |||
| Full time | 206 (99.0) | 2.90±0.92 | |||
| Contract | 2 (1.0) | 3.30±0.14 | |||
| Income (10,000 won) | 5,492.13±1,254.23 | 1.48 | .231 | ||
| 2,400–<5,000 | 59 (28.4) | 3.04±0.83 | |||
| 5,000–<7,000 | 117 (56.3) | 2.89±0.95 | |||
| ≥7,000 | 32 (15.3) | 2.70±0.94 | |||
| Nursing management level | 0.19 | .852 | |||
| 1st | 160 (76.9) | 2.91±0.92 | |||
| 2nd | 48 (23.1) | 2.88±0.91 | |||
| Hospital location | 0.19 | .823 | |||
| Seoul | 59 (28.4) | 2.86±0.95 | |||
| Metropolitan city | 51 (24.5) | 2.97±0.91 | |||
| City | 98 (47.1) | 2.89±0.91 | |||
| Variable | M±SD | Min | Max | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presenteeism | ||||
| Health problem | 3.63±2.67 | 0.00 | 13.00 | 0–19 |
| Work impairment | 39.63±13.97 | 0.00 | 87.50 | 0–100 |
| Perceived productivity | 72.90±17.95 | 4.00 | 100 | 0–100 |
| Missed nursing care | ||||
| Part A (missed nursing care) | 1.31±0.34 | 0.33 | 2.42 | 0–4 |
| Ambulation 3 times per day or as ordered | 1.23±1.03 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Turning patient every 2 hours | 1.50±0.87 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Feeding patient when the food is still warm | 1.06±0.73 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0–4 |
| Setting up meals for patients who feed themselves | 1.02±0.76 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Medications administered within 30 minutes of the scheduled time | 1.34±0.63 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0–4 |
| Vital signs assessed as ordered | 1.23±0.53 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Monitoring intake/output | 1.17±0.49 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Full documentation of all necessary data | 1.52±0.59 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Patient teaching about procedures, tests, and other diagnostic studies | 1.33±0.65 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0–4 |
| Emotional support to patient and/or family | 1.91±0.83 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Patient bathing/skin care | 1.38±0.90 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Mouth care | 1.38±0.98 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Hand washing | 1.41±0.67 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Patient discharge planning and teaching | 1.11±0.45 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Bedside glucose monitoring as ordered | 1.11±0.42 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Patient assessments performed each shift | 1.16±0.45 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0–4 |
| Focused reassessments according to patient condition | 1.30±0.59 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| IV/central line site care and assessments according to hospital policy | 1.24±0.50 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0–4 |
| Response to call light is initiated within 5 minutes | 1.07±0.64 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| PRN medication requests acted on within 15 minutes | 1.28±0.61 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Assess effectiveness of medications | 1.44±0.65 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Attend interdisciplinary care conference whenever held | 1.73±1.23 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Assist with toileting needs within 5 minutes of request | 1.34±0.83 | 0.00 | 4.00 | 0–4 |
| Skin/wound care | 1.26±0.60 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0–4 |
| Part B (reason for missed nursing care) | 2.62±0.62 | 1.06 | 4.00 | 1–4 |
| Job satisfaction | 2.84±0.81 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1–5 |
| Turnover intention | 2.90±0.92 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1–5 |
| Variable | Presenteeism | Missed nursing care | Job satisfaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | |
| Missed nursing care | .41 (<.001) | ||
| Job satisfaction | –.46 (<.001) | –.33 (<.001) | |
| Turnover intention | .41 (<.001) | .33 (<.001) | –.42 (<.001) |
| Variable | B | SE | β | t | p | 95% CI | F (p) | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct effect | ||||||||
| Step 1: P → MNC | 0.23 | .04 | .39 | 5.89 | <.001 | 0.16 to 0.31 | 6.64 (<.001) | .19 |
| Step 2: P → JS | –0.57 | .10 | –.39 | –5.71 | <.001 | –0.76 to –0.37 | 8.30 (<.001) | .25 |
| Step 2: MNC → JS | –0.37 | .16 | –.15 | –2.25 | .025 | –0.69 to –0.05 | ||
| Step 3: P → TI | 0.32 | .12 | .20 | 2.73 | .007 | 0.09 to 0.55 | 9.17 (<.001) | .29 |
| Step 3: MNC → TI | 0.36 | .18 | .13 | 2.00 | .047 | 0.00 to 0.72 | ||
| Step 3: JS → TI | 0.30 | .08 | –.27 | -3.87 | <.001 | –0.45 to –0.15 | ||
| Indirect effect | ||||||||
| Total indirect effect | 0.28 | 0.06a) | 0.16 to 0.41 | |||||
| Indirect effect 1: P → MNC → TI | 0.08 | 0.04a) | 0.01 to 0.17 | |||||
| Indirect effect 2: P → JS → TI | 0.17 | 0.05a) | 0.07 to 0.28 | |||||
| Indirect effect 3: P → MNC → JS→ TI | 0.03 | 0.01a) | 0.00 to 0.06 | |||||
| Total effect | ||||||||
| P → TI | 0.60 | .10 | .37 | 5.71 | <.001 | 0.39 to 0.81 | 7.88 (<.001) | .21 |
M, mean; SD, standard deviation. a)By Scheffé test. b)By Welch test.
IV, intravenous; M, mean; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; PRN, as needed; SD, standard deviation.
B, unstandardized estimate; β, standardized estimate; CI, confidence interval; JS, job satisfaction; MNC, missed nursing care; P, presenteeism; SE, standard error; TI, turnover intention. a)Boot SE.
