Nam Mi Kang; Jung Eun Lee; Yeon Bai; Theo Van Achterberg; Taisun Hyun

doi:10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.306

Articles

Page Path: HOME > J Korean Acad Nurs > Volume 45(2); 2015 > Article

Original Article
Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation by Employment Status among Korean Women: Nam Mi Kang¹, Jung Eun Lee², Yeon Bai³, Theo Van Achterberg⁴, Taisun Hyun⁵; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2015;45(2):306-313.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.306
Published online: April 15, 2015

¹Department of Nursing, Konkuk University, Chungju

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea

³Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA

⁴Department of Nursing Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

⁵Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

¹Department of Nursing, Konkuk University, Chungju

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea

³Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA

⁴Department of Nursing Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

⁵Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Hyun, Taisun Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 362-763, Korea Tel: +82-43-261-2790 Fax: +82-43-267-2742 E-mail: taisun@chungbuk.ac.kr

• Received: October 10, 2014 • Revised: October 31, 2014 • Accepted: January 23, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

213 Views
4 Download
13 Crossref
13 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among Korean women in relation to their employment status.
Methods
Data were collected using a web-based self-administered questionnaire from 1,031 Korean mothers living in Seoul with babies younger than 24 months. Demographic characteristics, education on breastfeeding, rooming in, breastfeeding during hospital stay, and breastfeeding knowledge were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with initiation and continuation at 1, 6 and 12 months according to mothers’ employment status.
Results
Breastfeeding initiation rates were similar regardless of mothers’ employment status. Continuation rates decreased for both groups of mothers, but were significantly lower among employed mothers at all duration points. Unemployed mothers who were able to keep their babies in the same room during the hospital stay were more likely to initiate breastfeeding. The factor that was consistently associated with breastfeeding continuation for all duration points among unemployed mothers was whether the mother breastfed during the hospital stay. Higher knowledge scores and having an infant with atopic dermatitis were also associated with breastfeeding continuation at 6 months and 12 months, respectively for unemployed mothers, and receiving education on breastfeeding was associated with 12-month continuation for employed mothers.
Conclusion
These results emphasize the significant roles of hospitals for breastfeeding initiation and continuation, with rooming-in, initial breastfeeding practice and education during hospital stay as important practices. In addition, for working mothers to continue their breastfeeding, significant support from the workplace is crucial.
Keywords: Breastfeeding; Employment; Web

Figure 1.

Breastfeeding rate at initiation, 1, 6 and 12 months.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Participants

Characteristics	Variables	Categories	Total	Unemployed	Employed	p
			(N=1,031)	mothers (n=655)	mothers (n=376)
			n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD
Mother	Age (yr)	<30	327 (31.7)	235 (35.9)	92 (24.5)	<.001
		≥30	704 (68.3)	420 (64.1)	284 (75.5)
	Education	<University	306 (29.7)	235 (35.9)	71 (18.9)	<.001
		≥University graduate	725 (70.3)	420 (64.1)	305 (81.1)
	Infant feeding plan	Prior to pregnancy	648 (62.9)	434 (66.3)	214 (56.9)	.003
		After pregnancy	383 (37.1)	221 (33.7)	162 (43.1)
	BF education experience	No	324 (31.4)	195 (29.8)	129 (34.3)	.131
		Yes	707 (68.6)	460 (70.2)	247 (65.7)
	BF knowledge score		8.89±1.83	8.75±1.87	9.13±1.72	.001
Infant	Gender	Boy	529 (51.3)	335 (51.2)	194 (51.6)	.889
		Girl	502 (48.7)	320 (48.8)	182 (48.4)
	Birth order	1	656 (63.6)	402 (61.4)	254 (67.5)	.047
		≥2	375 (36.4)	253 (38.6)	122 (32.5)
	Having atopic dermatitis	No	785 (76.1)	500 (76.3)	285 (75.8)	.845
		Yes	246 (23.9)	155 (23.7)	91 (24.2)
Health-care	Delivery place	Private hospital	682 (66.1)	450 (68.7)	232 (61.7)	.022
		General hospital	349 (33.9)	205 (31.3)	144 (38.3)
	Delivery type	Vaginal delivery	676 (65.6)	423 (64.6)	253 (67.3)	.379
		Cesarean section	355 (34.4)	232 (35.4)	123 (32.7)
	Rooming-in	No	672 (65.2)	413 (63.0)	259 (68.9)	.059
		Yes	359 (34.8)	242 (37.0)	117 (31.1)
	BF during hospital stay	No	214 (20.8)	135 (20.6)	79 (21.0)	.879
		Yes	817 (79.2)	520 (79.4)	297 (79.0)

BF=Breastfeeding.

Table 2.

Adjusted Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals for Breastfeeding Initiation by Multivariate Logistic Analysis^*

Variables	Categories	Total (N=1,031)			Unemployed mothers (n=655)			Employed mothers (n=376)
Variables	Categories	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Mothers’ employment status	Not employed	1.00	0.59~1.70	.989
	Employed	1.00
Rooming-in	No	1.00	1.43~5.02	.002	1.00	1.25~5.74	.012	1.00	0.81~7.72	.109
	Yes	2.68			2.67			2.51
Atopic dermatitis of infant	No	1.00	1.16~4.99	.019	1.00	0.96~5.84	.060	1.00	0.62~7.98	.217
	Yes	2.40			2.37			2.23

^*All the variables in Table 1 except breastfeeding during hospital stay were included in the analysis and mothers’ employment status and the selected variables with significant association are presented.

Table 3.

Adjusted Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals for Breastfeeding Continuation by Multivariate Logistic Analysis^*

Month	Variables	Categories	Total			Unemployed mothers			Employed mothers
Month	Variables	Categories	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
1 month	Mothers’ employment status	Unemployed	1.00	0.45~0.83	.001
		Employed	0.61
	BF during hospital stay	No	1.00	1.14~2.30	.007	1.00	1.35~3.28	.001	1.00	0.61~1.93	.795
		Yes	1.62			2.10			1.08
6 month	Mothers’ employment status	Unemployed	1.00	0.23~0.46	<.001
		Employed	0.33
	BF during hospital stay	No	1.00	1.18~2.64	.006	1.00	1.07~3.12	.026	1.00	0.93~3.28	.083
		Yes	1.77			1.83			1.75
	BF knowledge		1.13	1.03~1.23	.010	1.19	1.06~1.34	.004	1.04	0.91~1.20	.564
	Atopic dermatitis of infant	No	1.00	1.04~2.28	.031	1.00	0.92~2.61	.100	1.00	0.76~2.64	.276
		Yes	1.54			1.55			1.41
12 month	Mothers’ employment status	Unemployed	1.00	0.18~0.43	<.001
		Employed	0.28
	BF during hospital stay	No	1.00	1.15~3.37	.014	1.00	1.14~4.46	.020	1.00	0.70~4.34	.231
		Yes	1.97			2.25			1.75
	BF education experience	No	1.00	0.87~2.14	.178	1.00	0.56~1.86	.951	1.00	1.14~5.14	.021
		Yes	1.36			1.02			2.43
	Atopic dermatitis of infant	No	1.00	1.45~4.12	<.001	1.00	1.44~6.22	.003	1.00	0.78~4.07	.174
		Yes	2.44			2.99			1.78

^*All the variables in Table 1 were included in the analysis and the variables with significant association are presented; BF=Breastfeeding.

REFERENCES

1. Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Report Technology Assessment. 2007;153:1–186.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The surgeon general’s call to action to support breastfeeding [Internet]. Washington, DC: Author; 2011.[cited 2014 April 15]. Available from:. http://www.surgeon-general.gov/library/calls/breastfeeding/
3. World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding [Internet]. Geneva, CH: Author; 2003.[cited 2014 March 15]. Available from:. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562218.pdf
4. Kim SG, Kim YK, Kim HR, Park JS, Son CK, Choi YJ, et al. The 2012 national survey on fertility, family health & welfare in Korea. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; 2012.Report No.: Research Report 2012-54.
5. Shin YS, Jeong HS, Lim WS, Jeong JY. The vision and policy direction of Korea’s health care 2020: The activity report of the future health care committe. Seoul: Ministry of Health & Welfare; 2011.Report No.: Policy Paper 2011-91.
6. Al-Sahab B, Lanes A, Feldman M, Tamim H. Prevalence and predictors of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding among Canadian women: A national survey. BMC Pediatrics. 2010;10:20http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-10-20Article PubMed PMC PDF
7. Meedya S, Fahy K, Kable A. Factors that positively influence breastfeeding duration to 6 months: A literature review. Women and Birth. 2010;23(4):135–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2010.02.002Article PubMed
8. Bai Y, Wunderlich SM, Fly AD. Predicting intentions to continue exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months: A comparison among racial/ethnic groups. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2011;15(8):1257–1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0703-7Article PubMed PDF
9. Lisien CF, Fu JC, Long CY, Lin HS. Factors influencing breast symptoms in breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery. Asian Nursing Research. 2011;5(2):88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1976-1317(11)60017-0Article PubMed
10. Abuidhail J, Al-Modallal H, Yousif R, Almresi N. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Jordan: Prevalence, duration, practices, and barriers. Midwifery. 2014;30(3):331–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.005Article PubMed
11. Yngve A, Sjöström M. Breastfeeding determinants and a suggested framework for action in Europe. Public Health Nutrition. 2001;4(2B):729–739.Article PubMed
12. Chuang CH, Chang PJ, Chen YC, Hsieh WS, Hurng BS, Lin SJ, et al. Maternal return to work and breastfeeding: A population-based cohort study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2010;47(4):461–474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.09.003Article PubMed
13. Dennis CL. Breastfeeding initiation and duration: A 1990-2000 literature review. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2002;31(1):12–32.Article
14. Kim KN, Hyun T, Kang NM. A survey on the feeding practices of women for the development of a breastfeeding education program: Breastfeeding knowledge and breastfeeding rates. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition. 2002;7(3):345–353.
15. Xu F, Qiu L, Binns CW, Liu X. Breastfeeding in China: A review. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2009;4:6http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-4-6Article PubMed PMC PDF
16. Visness CM, Kennedy KI. Maternal employment and breast-feeding: Findings from the 1988 national maternal and infant health survey. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87(6):945–950.Article PubMed PMC
17. Chen YC, Wu YC, Chie WC. Effects of work-related factors on the breastfeeding behavior of working mothers in a Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturer: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:160http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-160Article PubMed PMC PDF
18. Kimbro RT. On-the-job moms: Work and breastfeeding initiation and duration for a sample of low-income women. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2006;10(1):19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-005-0058-7Article PubMed PDF
19. Skafida V. Juggling work and motherhood: The impact of employment and maternity leave on breastfeeding duration: A survival analysis on growing up in Scotland data. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012;16(2):519–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0743-7Article PubMed PDF
20. Avery M, Duckett L, Dodgson J, Savik K, Henly SJ. Factors associated with very early weaning among primiparas intending to breastfeed. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 1998;2(3):167–179.PubMed
21. Jang GJ, Kim SH. Effects of breast-feeding education and support services on breast-feeding rates and infant’s growth. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2010;40(2):277–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.277Article PubMed
22. Pound CM, Unger SL. The baby-friendly initiative: Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Paediatrics & Child Health. 2012;17(6):317–327.
23. Li R, Ogden C, Ballew C, Gillespie C, Grummer-Strawn L. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among US infants: The third national health and nutrition examination survey (Phase II, 1991-1994). American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(7):1107–1110.Article PubMed PMC
24. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001;45(4):520–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.114741Article PubMed
25. Kusunoki T, Morimoto T, Nishikomori R, Yasumi T, Heike T, Mukaida K, et al. Breastfeeding and the prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren: Does reverse causation matter? Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2010;21:(1 Pt 1). 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00982.xArticle PubMed
26. Mišak Z. Infant nutrition and allergy. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2011;70(4):465–471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665111003089Article PubMed
27. Kehler HL, Chaput KH, Tough SC. Risk factors for cessation of breastfeeding prior to six months postpartum among a community sample of women in Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2009;100(5):376–380.Article PubMed PMC PDF
28. Khassawneh M, Khader Y, Amarin Z, Alkafajei A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding in the north of Jordan: A cross-sectional study. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2006;1:17http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-1-17Article PubMed PMC PDF
29. Senarath U, Dibley MJ, Agho KE. Breastfeeding practices and associated factors among children under 24 months of age in Timor-Leste. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61(3):387–397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602536Article PubMed PDF
30. Korea Internet & Security Agency. 2009 survey on the internet usage executive summary [Internet]. Seoul: Author; 2010.[cited 2014 April 20]. Available from:. http://www.kisa.or.kr/eng/usefulreport/isr.jsp

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The interplay between maternal employment dynamics and trends in breastfeeding practices over the past decade
Şeyma ÇİÇEK, Siddika Songül YALÇIN, Mehmet Ali ERYURT, Suzan YALÇIN
Italian Journal of Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Exclusive breastfeeding among Indonesian working mothers: does early initiation of breastfeeding matter?
Isyatun Mardhiyah Syahri, Agung Dwi Laksono, Maya Fitria, Nikmatur Rohmah, Masruroh Masruroh, Mara Ipa
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigating the Factors Affecting the Tendency Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior in Mothers Referring to Comprehensive Health Centers
Moslem Sharifi, Mahshid Darabi, Bagher Pahlavanzadeh, Mohammad Mahboubi
Pajouhan Scientific Journal.2024; 22(1): 68. CrossRef
The Role of Work as a Social Determinant of Health in Mother’s Own Milk Feeding Decisions for Preterm Infants: A State of the Science Review
Tricia J. Johnson, Paula P. Meier, Daniel T. Robinson, Sumihiro Suzuki, Suhagi Kadakia, Andrew N. Garman, Aloka L. Patel
Children.2023; 10(3): 416. CrossRef
Employee lactation: A review and recommendations for research, practice, and policy
Candice L. Thomas, Lauren D. Murphy, Maura J. Mills, Jing Zhang, Gwenith G. Fisher, Rebecca L. Clancy
Human Resource Management Review.2022; 32(3): 100848. CrossRef
Survey on the Status of Breastfeeding in Korean Medical Institution Workers
Tae Hyeong Kim, Sung-Hoon Chung, Jun Hwan Kim, Youngmin Ahn, Son Moon Shin, Woo Ryoung Lee, Eui Kyung Choi, Juyoung Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Euiseok Jung, Ju Sun Heo, Jin A Lee, Soon Min Lee, Seong Phil Bae, Jeonglyn Song, Chae-Young Kim, Dae Yong Yi
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of breastfeeding patterns in the first 24 h of life and associated factors in south of Iran: A cross-sectional study
Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Fariba Moradi, Soraya Zahmatkesh, Azam Abasi, Apameh Salari, Soheil Hassanipour, Ali Mohammad Mokhtari
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2020; 8(1): 33. CrossRef
Risk Factors in Early Life for Preschool Children in Korea that are Associated with Being Overweight or Obese
Jin Suk Ra, Hyun Jung Yun
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2020; 11(1): 15. CrossRef
Çalışan Kadınlarda Emzirmenin Başlatılma ve Sürdürülme Zamanıyla İlişkili Faktörler
Havva YEŞİLDERE SAĞLAM, Nebahat ÖZERDOĞAN, Elif GURSOY, Özlem ÇAĞAN
Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi.2020; 10(3): 468. CrossRef
Association between Maternal Feeding Practices and Excessive Weight Gain in Infants
Jin Suk Ra
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(1): 90. CrossRef
Positive Effect of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiatives on Improving Mothers' Intention for Successful Breastfeeding in Korea
Hyun Woo Park, Keun Ho Ryu, Yongjun Piao, Peipei Li, Jae Shik Hong, Hee Bum Kim, Hwanwook Chung, Jeong-Kyu Hoh, Yong Joo Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Belief factors associated with breastfeeding intentions of single women: Based on the theory of planned behavior
Min Kyung Jang, Seung-Min Lee, Jin Mo Khil
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(3): 284. CrossRef
Infant Formula Feeding at Birth Is Common and Inversely Associated with Subsequent Breastfeeding Behavior in Vietnam
Tuan T Nguyen, Mellissa Withers, Nemat Hajeebhoy, Edward A Frongillo
The Journal of Nutrition.2016; 146(10): 2102. CrossRef

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation by Employment Status among Korean Women

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015;45(2):306-313. Published online April 15, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.306

XML Download

Figure

We recommend

Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation by Employment Status among Korean Women

Figure 1. Breastfeeding rate at initiation, 1, 6 and 12 months.

Figure 1.

Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation by Employment Status among Korean Women

Characteristics	Variables	Categories	Total	Unemployed	Employed	p
			(N=1,031)	mothers (n=655)	mothers (n=376)
			n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD
Mother	Age (yr)	<30	327 (31.7)	235 (35.9)	92 (24.5)	<.001
		≥30	704 (68.3)	420 (64.1)	284 (75.5)
	Education	<University	306 (29.7)	235 (35.9)	71 (18.9)	<.001
		≥University graduate	725 (70.3)	420 (64.1)	305 (81.1)
	Infant feeding plan	Prior to pregnancy	648 (62.9)	434 (66.3)	214 (56.9)	.003
		After pregnancy	383 (37.1)	221 (33.7)	162 (43.1)
	BF education experience	No	324 (31.4)	195 (29.8)	129 (34.3)	.131
		Yes	707 (68.6)	460 (70.2)	247 (65.7)
	BF knowledge score		8.89±1.83	8.75±1.87	9.13±1.72	.001
Infant	Gender	Boy	529 (51.3)	335 (51.2)	194 (51.6)	.889
		Girl	502 (48.7)	320 (48.8)	182 (48.4)
	Birth order	1	656 (63.6)	402 (61.4)	254 (67.5)	.047
		≥2	375 (36.4)	253 (38.6)	122 (32.5)
	Having atopic dermatitis	No	785 (76.1)	500 (76.3)	285 (75.8)	.845
		Yes	246 (23.9)	155 (23.7)	91 (24.2)
Health-care	Delivery place	Private hospital	682 (66.1)	450 (68.7)	232 (61.7)	.022
		General hospital	349 (33.9)	205 (31.3)	144 (38.3)
	Delivery type	Vaginal delivery	676 (65.6)	423 (64.6)	253 (67.3)	.379
		Cesarean section	355 (34.4)	232 (35.4)	123 (32.7)
	Rooming-in	No	672 (65.2)	413 (63.0)	259 (68.9)	.059
		Yes	359 (34.8)	242 (37.0)	117 (31.1)
	BF during hospital stay	No	214 (20.8)	135 (20.6)	79 (21.0)	.879
		Yes	817 (79.2)	520 (79.4)	297 (79.0)

Variables	Categories	Total (N=1,031)			Unemployed mothers (n=655)			Employed mothers (n=376)
Variables	Categories	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Mothers’ employment status	Not employed	1.00	0.59~1.70	.989
	Employed	1.00
Rooming-in	No	1.00	1.43~5.02	.002	1.00	1.25~5.74	.012	1.00	0.81~7.72	.109
	Yes	2.68			2.67			2.51
Atopic dermatitis of infant	No	1.00	1.16~4.99	.019	1.00	0.96~5.84	.060	1.00	0.62~7.98	.217
	Yes	2.40			2.37			2.23

Month	Variables	Categories	Total			Unemployed mothers			Employed mothers
Month	Variables	Categories	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
1 month	Mothers’ employment status	Unemployed	1.00	0.45~0.83	.001
		Employed	0.61
	BF during hospital stay	No	1.00	1.14~2.30	.007	1.00	1.35~3.28	.001	1.00	0.61~1.93	.795
		Yes	1.62			2.10			1.08
6 month	Mothers’ employment status	Unemployed	1.00	0.23~0.46	<.001
		Employed	0.33
	BF during hospital stay	No	1.00	1.18~2.64	.006	1.00	1.07~3.12	.026	1.00	0.93~3.28	.083
		Yes	1.77			1.83			1.75
	BF knowledge		1.13	1.03~1.23	.010	1.19	1.06~1.34	.004	1.04	0.91~1.20	.564
	Atopic dermatitis of infant	No	1.00	1.04~2.28	.031	1.00	0.92~2.61	.100	1.00	0.76~2.64	.276
		Yes	1.54			1.55			1.41
12 month	Mothers’ employment status	Unemployed	1.00	0.18~0.43	<.001
		Employed	0.28
	BF during hospital stay	No	1.00	1.15~3.37	.014	1.00	1.14~4.46	.020	1.00	0.70~4.34	.231
		Yes	1.97			2.25			1.75
	BF education experience	No	1.00	0.87~2.14	.178	1.00	0.56~1.86	.951	1.00	1.14~5.14	.021
		Yes	1.36			1.02			2.43
	Atopic dermatitis of infant	No	1.00	1.45~4.12	<.001	1.00	1.44~6.22	.003	1.00	0.78~4.07	.174
		Yes	2.44			2.99			1.78

Table 1. Characteristics of the Participants

BF=Breastfeeding.

Table 2. Adjusted Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals for Breastfeeding Initiation by Multivariate Logistic Analysis*

All the variables in Table 1 except breastfeeding during hospital stay were included in the analysis and mothers’ employment status and the selected variables with significant association are presented.

Table 3. Adjusted Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals for Breastfeeding Continuation by Multivariate Logistic Analysis*

All the variables in Table 1 were included in the analysis and the variables with significant association are presented; BF=Breastfeeding.