The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the family whose child has died of cancer. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 17 mothers who had cared for a child who had died of cancer Traditionally in Korea, mothers are the care givers in the family and are considered sensitive to the family's thoughts, feelings. The data were collected through in-depth interviews by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simultaniously by a constant comparative method in which new data are continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 16 concepts which were found as a result of analyzing the grounded data were, -left over time, the empty place, meaninglessness, inner sadness, situational sadness, heartache, physical pain, guilt, resentment, regret, support/stigmatization, finding meaning in the death, changing attitudes about life and living, changing attitudes about health, changing religious practice and changing family relations. Five categories emerged from the analysis. They were emptiness, consisting of left over time, the empty place and meaninglessness; sadness, consisting of inner sadness and situational sadness; pain, consisting of heartache and physical pain; bitterness, consisting of guilt, resentment, regret, support/stigmatization and finding meaning in the death; and transition, consisiting of changing attitudes about life and living, changing attitudes about health, changing religious practice and chang ing family relations. These categories were synthesized into the core concept, -the process of filling the empty space. The core phenomenon was emptiness. Emptiness varied with the passing of time, was perceived differently according to support/stigmatization and finding meaning in the death, was followed by sadness, pain, and bitterness, and finally resulted in changes in attitudes about life and living and about health, and in changes in religious practice and family relations. The process of filling the empty space proceeded by (1) accepting realty, (2) searching for the reason for the child's death, (3) controlling the bitter feelings, (4) reconstructing the relationships among death, illness and health and (5) filling the emptiness by resolving causes of child's death, adopting, having another child or with work. Six hypotheses were derived from the analysis. (1) The longer the bereavement, the more the empty space becomes filled. (2) The longer the hospitalization, the more support the family needs. (3) The more the sadness, pain and bitterness are expressed, the more positive changes emerge. (4) Family support faciliates the process of filling the empty space. (5) Higher family cohesiveness faciliates the process of filling the empty space. (6) The greater the variety of reasons attributed to the child's death, the greater the variety of patterns of change. Four propositions related to emptiness and bitterness were developed. (1) When the sense of emptiness is great and bitterness is manifested by severe feelings of guilt and resentment, the longer the process of filling the empty space. (2) When the sense of emptiness is great and the family is highly motivated to get rid of the bitterness, the shorter the process of filling the empty space. (3) When the sense of emptiness is less and bitter ness is manifested by severe feelings of guilt and resentment, the process of filling the empty space is delayed. (4) When the sense of emptiness is less and the family is highly motivated to get rid of the bitterness, the process of filling the empty space goes on to completion. Through this substantive theory, nurses understand the importance of emptiness and bitterness in helping the family that has lost a child through cancer fill the empty space. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other losses may contribute to a formal theory of how family health is restored after human tragedies are experienced.

The effects of media violence on the delinquent behavior and violence of children and adolescent are controversial. However, a small but genuine association appears to exist between media violence and aggression or violence. At the present, for a considerable proportion of the population of children and adolescent, delinquent behavior and violence has become a major problem and a way of life. One factor contributing to this problem has been assumed to be the negative influence of mass media including television, drama, videotapes and fiction magazines and so on. Therefore, this paper is intended to discriminate the causal relationship of influence of mass media and juvenile delinquent behabior and violence and to provide nine hypotheses derived from reviewing the literature related to mass media and delinquent behavior. The nine hypotheses are as follows; 1. The presence of modeling mass media crime themes and the extent of interest in and exposure of children and adolescent to media violence themes will be positively correlated to their delinquent (aggressive) behavior. 2. A higher positive correlation will be revealed between interest in and exposure to media violence themes and aggressive behavior among adolescent having parental rejection than among adolescent not experiencing parental rejection. 3. A higher positive relationship will be found between interest in and exposure to mass media crime themes and delinquent behavior among youth having need deprivation than among youth not having need frustration. 4. A higher positive relationship will be presented between the presence of imitating mass media crime themes and interest in and exposure to media violence themes and delinquent or aggressive behavior among youth dysplaying their maladaptive character tendency than among those adolescent dysplaying adaptive character tendency. 5. A higher positively correlating relationship will be shown between interest in and exposure to mass media crime themes and delinquent behavior among youth with a higher scores of depressive trend than among those youth having few or no depression. 6. A higher positive relationship will be found between interest in and exposure to media violence themes and aggressive behavior among adolescent complaining of a high degree of psychosomatic complaints than among those youth having few or no psychosomatic complaints. 7. A higher positive correlation will be appeared between interest in and exposure to mass media crime themes and delinquent behavior among youth displaying aggressive impulsiveness than among those youth having few or no aggressive impulsiveness. 8. A higher positive relationship will be found between interest in and exposure to media violence themes and aggressive behavior among youth having antisocial character or neurotic character with weak ego functioning than among those adolescent not having antisocial character or neurotic character with weak ego functioning. 9. A higher positive correlation will be existed between interest in and exposure to mass media crime themes and delinquent behavior among adolescent displaying the lack of sociality than among those youth not having the lack of sociality. The above nine hypotheses will be tested by statistical methods including Chi-square test, simple correlation, principal component analysis, principal component regression analysis and LISREL path analysis.