Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Papers

Formative versus reflective measurement models in nursing research: a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study in Korea: Eun Seo Park, Young Il Cho, Hyo Jin Kim, YeoJin Im, Dong Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2025;55(1):107-118. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24095

Abstract PDF ePub: Purpose
This study aimed to empirically verify the impact of measurement model selection on research outcomes and their interpretation through an analysis of children’s emotional and social problems measured by the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) using both reflective and formative measurement models. These models were represented by covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM), respectively.
Methods
This secondary data analysis evaluated children’s emotional and social problems as both reflective and formative constructs. Reflective models were analyzed using CB-SEM, while formative models were assessed using PLS-SEM. Comparisons between these two approaches were based on model fit and parameter estimates.
Results
In the CB-SEM analysis, which assumed a reflective measurement model, a model was not identified due to inadequate fit indices and a Heywood case, indicating improper model specification. In contrast, the PLS-SEM analysis, assuming a formative measurement model, demonstrated adequate reliability and validity with significant path coefficients, supporting the appropriateness of the formative model for the PSC.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that the PSC is more appropriately analyzed as a formative measurement model using PLS-SEM, rather than as a reflective model using CB-SEM. This study highlights the necessity of selecting an appropriate measurement model based on the theoretical and empirical characteristics of constructs in nursing research. Future research should ensure that the nature of measurement variables is accurately reflected in the choice of statistical models to improve the validity of research outcomes.

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Development of the Hybrid Clinical Practicum Environment Scale for Nursing Students: Yoon, Seoyoung , Yeom, Hye-Ah; J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(3):340-357. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24016

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to develop a Hybrid Clinical Practicum Environment Scale for Nursing Students (HCPES-NS) and verify its validity and reliability.
Methods
The HCPES-NS was constructed following the DeVellis guidelines. The initial items were written based on a literature review and individual in-depth interviews. Content validity was verified through an expert panel review. To confirm the validity and reliability of the scale, a survey was conducted with 449 nursing students enrolled in 12 nursing colleges. Data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and reliability tests.
Results
Factor analysis showed that the HCPES-NS consists of 15 items on five subdomains: clinical site atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, alternative online practicum contents, provision of learning information, and clinical performance facilitation. A higher score indicated a more positive perception of the clinical practicum environment. The concurrent validity of the HCPES-NS was confirmed by its positive correlation with the Clinical Learning Environment Scale (r = .77). The Cronbach’s α reliability of the HCPES-NS was .84.
Conclusion
The HCPES-NS is both valid and reliable. This scale reflects the clinical practicum environment and includes an online practicum factor. It may be used effectively by faculty members and educators to evaluate nursing students’ perceptions of clinical practicum environments.

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Development of Nursing Clinical Judgment Scale: Kwon, Shi Nae , Park, Hyojung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):652-665. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23042

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to develop a nursing clinical judgment scale (NCJS) and verify its validity and reliability in assessing the clinical judgment of nurses.
Methods
A preliminary instrument of the NCJS comprising 38 items was first developed from attributes and indicators derived from a literature review and an in-depth/focus interview with 12 clinical nurses. The preliminary tool was finalized after 7 experts conducted a content validity test based on a data from a preliminary survey of 30 hospital nurses in Korea. Data were collected from 443 ward, intensive care unit, emergency room nurses who voluntarily participated in the survey through offline and online for the verification of the construct validity and reliability of the scale.
Results
The final scale comprised 23 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Six factors – integrated data analysis, evaluation and reflection on interventions, evidence on interventions, collaboration among health professionals, patient-centered nursing, and collaboration among nurse colleagues – accounted for 64.9% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of the measurement model, comprising six factors (root mean square error of approximation = .07, standardized root mean square residual = .04, comparative fit index = .90). Cronbach’s α for all the items was .92.
Conclusion
The NCJS is a valid and reliable tool that fully reflects the characteristics of clinical practice, and it can be used effectively to evaluate the clinical judgment of Korean nurses. Future research should reflect the variables influencing clinical judgment and develop an action plan to improve it.

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How the nursing work environment moderates the relationship between clinical judgment and person-centered care among intensive care unit nurses
Mi Hwa Seo, Eun A. Kim, Hae Ran Kim, Mohammad Jamil Rababa
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0316654. CrossRef
Effects of Critical Thinking Disposition, Clinical Judgement, and Nurse–Physician Collaboration on Triage Competency Among Triage Nurses
Ji-Won Song, Hyung-Ran Park
Healthcare.2025; 13(4): 405. CrossRef

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Development of a Reward Scale for Hospital Nurses: Kim, Sun Hee , Kim, Eun-Young; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(5):525-537. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23057

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to develop and test a reward scale for hospital nurses.
Methods
The initial items were identified through a literature review and focus group interviews with ten hospital nurses. The content validity of the items was evaluated by ten experts. Fifty-one items were derived from the pilot survey. Four hundred eighty-eight nurses participated in the study: 248 for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 240 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Data were analyzed using item analysis, EFA, CFA, convergent validity, known-group validity, and internal consistency using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0 and IBM SPSS AMOS 29.0.
Results
The final scale consisted of 31 items and eight factors (decent wage, opportunity to grow and develop, support for special situations, various benefits, flexibility of work, job-related achievement, reflecting career and performance, and recognition), which explained 67.3% of the total variance. The eight-subscale model was validated by CFA. Convergent validity was evaluated by analyzing correlation with intention to leave (r = - .63, p < .001) and job satisfaction (r = .54, p < .001). The known-group validity was evaluated by comparing the reward scales according to age, clinical career, income level and hospital type. The scale was found to be reliable with a Cronbach’s α of .89.
Conclusion
Both the validity and reliability of the reward scale for hospital nurses are verified, which can enhance the understanding of the range of rewards and may assist nurse managers in establishing an effective reward system.

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Optimized nursing management in the Central Sterile Supply Department and Gastroenterology Department: a retrospective controlled study
Dali Wang
American Journal of Translational Research.2024; 16(12): 7480. CrossRef

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Development and Validation of a Dignity in Care Scale of Terminally Ill Patients for Nurses: Ahn, Yun Sil , Oh, Pok Ja; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(3):340-358. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23039

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to develop an instrument to showcase Dignity in Care of Terminally Ill Patients for Nurses and to examine its validity and reliability.
Methods
A total of 58 preliminary items on dignity in care of terminally ill patients for nurses were selected using content validity analysis and expert opinions on 97 candidate items derived through a literature review and qualitative focus group interviews. Questionnaires were administered to 502 nurses caring for terminally ill cancer patients at hospice and palliative care institutions. The data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, and Pearson correlation for criterion validity, reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha.
Results
The final instrument consisted of 25 items, with four factors identified through confirmatory factor analysis. Four factors-ethical values and moral attitudes, interaction-based communication, main-taining comfort, professional insight and competence–accounted for 61.8% of the total variance. Cronbach’s ⍺ for total items was .96, and test-retest reliability of intraclass correlation coefficient was .90.
Conclusion
Since its validity and reliability have been verified through various methods, the Dignity in Care Scale of Terminally Ill Patients for Nurses can be used for develop nursing interventions and improve dignity in care of terminally ill patients.

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Development and Validation of a Dignity in Care Scale of Terminally Ill Patients for Nurses
Yun Sil Ahn, Pok Ja Oh
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2023; 53(3): 340. CrossRef

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The Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the 5C Psychological Antecedents of Vaccination Scale: Bae, SuYeon , Kim, HeeJu; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(3):324-339. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23021

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to valuate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the 5C Psychological Antecedents of Vaccination (K-5C) scale.
Methods
The English version of the 5C scale was translated into Korean, following the World Health Organization guidelines. Data were collected from 316 community-dwelling adults. Content validity was evaluated using the content validity index, while construct validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was examined by assessing the correlation with vaccination attitude, and concurrent validity was evaluated by examining the association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also evaluated.
Results
Content validity results indicated an item-level content validity index ranging from .83 to 1, and scale-level content validity index, averaging method was .95. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of the measurement model, comprising a five-factor structure with a 15-item questionnaire (RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .05, CFI = .97, TLI = .96). Convergent validity was acceptable with a significant correlation between each sub-scale of the 5C scale and vaccination attitude. In concurrent validity evaluation, confidence, constraints, and collective responsibility of the 5C scale were significant independent predictors of the current COVID-19 vaccination status. Cronbach’s alpha for each subscale ranged from .78 to .88, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for each subscale ranged from .67 to .89.
Conclusion
The Korean version of the 5C scale is a valid and reliable tool to assess the psychological antecedents of vaccination among Korean adults.

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COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and 5C psychological antecedents amid the omicron surge in South Korea and China
Minjung Lee, Chenyuan Qin, Yubin Lee, Jie Deng, Myoungsoon You, Jue Liu
Vaccine.2025; 43: 126515. CrossRef

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Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Ischemic Stroke Distress Scale (ISDS): Kang, Jaejin , Yoo, Yang-Sook; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(1):12-27. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22090

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to develop a scale to measure distress in patients with ischemic stroke and verify its validity and reliability.
Methods
Preliminary items were developed from literature review and in-depth interviews. The final preliminary scale was confirmed through a content validity test of eight experts and a preliminary survey of 10 stroke patients. The participants for psychometric testing were 305 stroke patients in the outpatient clinic. Validity and reliability analyses included item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, known-group validity, and internal consistency of the scale.
Results
The final scale consisted of 17 items and 3 factors. The three distinct factors were ‘self-deprecation, worry about future health, and withdrawal from society’ and this structure was validated using a confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was supported by comparison with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (r = .54, p < .001) and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (r = .67, p < .001). Known-groups validity was verified by dividing groups according to ‘duration since diagnosis’ (t = 2.65, p = .009), ‘presence of sequela’ (t = 10.16, p < .001), and ‘awareness of distress’ (t = 12.09, p < .001). The internal consistency of the scale using Cronbach’s α for the total items was .93.
Conclusion
The Ischemic Stroke Distress Scale is a valid and reliable tool that reflects stroke distress effectively. It is expected to be used as a basic tool to develop various intervention strategies to reduce distress in ischemic stroke patients.

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The Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Readiness for Practice Survey for Nursing Students: Lee, Tae Wha , Ji, Yoonjung , Yoon, Yea Seul; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(6):564-581. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22032

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Readiness for Practice Survey (K-RPS).
Method
The English Readiness for Practice Survey was translated into Korean using the Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretesting, and Documentation (TRAPD) method. Secondary data analysis was performed using the dataset from the New Nurse e-Cohort study (Panel 2020) in South Korea. This study used a nationally representative sample of 812 senior nursing students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted. Convergent validity within the items and discriminant validity between factors were assessed to evaluate con-struct validity. Construct validity for hypothesis testing was evaluated using convergent and discriminant validity. Ordinary α was used to assess reliability.
Results
The K-RPS comprises 20 items examining four factors: clinical problem solving, learning experience, professional responsibilities, and professional preparation. Although the convergent validity of the items was successfully verified, discriminant validity between the factors was not. The K-RPS construct validity was verified using a bi-factor model (CMIN/DF 2.20, RMSEA .06, TLI .97, CFI .97, and PGFI .59). The K-RPS was significantly correlated with self-esteem (r = .43, p < .001) and anxiety about clinical practicum (r = - .50, p < .001). Internal consistency was reliable based on an ordinary α of .88.
Conclusion
The K-RPS is both valid and reliable and can be used as a standardized Korean version of the Readiness for Practice measurement tool.

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Readiness for Practice among Senior Nursing Students in South Korea: A Cross-sectional Study
Jihye Kim, Kyungmi Lee, Hye Suk Jun
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(1): 54. CrossRef
The mediating effect of transition shock on the relationship between readiness for practice and turnover intention of new graduate nurses in South Korea: A longitudinal study
Taewha Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Yoonjung Ji
Nurse Education Today.2024; 143: 106394. CrossRef

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Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Couple Satisfaction Index: Kim, Suk-Sun , Gil, Minji , Kim, Daeun , Kim, Sunhai , Heo, Dayeon , Moon, Nan Young; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(2):228-227. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21177

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The study aimed to translate the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI 32) into Korean, to evaluate the reliability and validity of CSI 32 and short-form (CSI 16, 4) in the Korean context, and to determine a cut-off score for Korean couples.
Methods
Korean Versions of the Couple Satisfaction Index (K-CSI) 32 was translated, back-translated, and reviewed by five bilingual experts. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with data from a sample of 218 couples (N = 436) to test construct validity. Validity and reliability were evaluated. The receiver’s operating characteristics curve analysis was used to obtain the cut-off score.
Results
The construct validities of K-CSI 32, 16, and 4 were verified using one-factor structures. The results of CFA showed a slightly better fit for K-CSI 16 and 4 than for K-CSI 32. Convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations of K-CSI with Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Family Relationship Assessment Scale. Moreover, the significant differences in K-CSI between normal and depressive group demonstrated known-group validity. Cut-off scores of 105.5 on K-CSI 32, 50.25 on K-CSI 16, and 13.25 on K-CSI 4 were validated to identify distressed couple relationships.
Conclusion
For clinical practice, the reliable and valid K-CSI 32 has the potential to measure changes in couple satisfaction after couple therapy or interventions. Applying K-CSI 32 may facilitate research on couple and family relationships in nursing and contribute to the discussion on the role of couple satisfaction in mental health.

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Online coaching blended couple‐oriented intervention for preventing depression among Korean middle adulthood: A feasibility study
Minji Gil, Suk‐Sun Kim, Daeun Kim, Sunhai Kim
Family Process.2023; 62(4): 1478. CrossRef

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The Development of a Tool for Assessment of Spiritual Distress in Cancer Patients: Kim, Jin Sook , Ko, Il-Sun , Koh, Su Jin; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(1):52-65. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21120

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study was conducted to develop a scale to measure spiritual distress in cancer patients.
Methods
A total of 69 preliminary items for the spiritaul distress assessment tool (SDAT) were compiled, based on a literature review, selection of empirically relevant items through concept analysis of hybrid models, confirmation of content validity by experts, cognitive interviews, and a pretest. Self-administered questionnaires were collected between April 1 and July 31, 2018, from 225 cancer patients at four medical institutions and one nursing home. The data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, and Pearson correlation for criterion validity. Reliability was tested by Cronbash’s α coefficient.
Results
The final version of the SDAT consisted of 20 items. Five-factors, loss of peace, burden of family, avoidance of confronting death, guilt and remorse, regret for not being able to apololgize and forgive were extracted, and showed 62.8% of total variance. The factors were confirmed through convergent and discriminant validity. Criterion validity was confirmed by functional assessment chronic illness therapy spiritual well-being scale 12 (FACIT-Sp12). The overall Cronbach’s α was .91, and the coefficients of each subscale ranged from .78~.83.
Conclusion
The SDAT for cancer patients is valid and reliable. It is suggested that the tool can be used to measure spiritual distress in cancer patients.

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Validity and reliability of the integrated palliative care outcome scale (IPOS) in Korea: a multicenter study of terminally ill cancer patients
So-Jung Park, Yujin Park, Mira Han, Sun-Hyun Kim, In Cheol Hwang, Go-un Woo, Yoo Jeong Lee, Young Sung Kim, Hyun Jung Jho, Yoon Jung Chang
BMC Palliative Care.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Family caregivers’ perceived value of caring for older patient: A hybrid model of concept analysis
Seon-Hye Heo, Hye-Ryoung Kim
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(2): 152. CrossRef
Spiritual Distress in Patients with Dyspnea: A Review of Measurement Tools
Leah McCann Klug
Illness, Crisis & Loss.2023; 31(4): 736. CrossRef

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Validity and Reliability of Korean Version of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale: Kim, Sook-Nam , Lee, Hyun-Ju , Kim, So-Young , Lee, Nayoon; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(5):617-629. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21069

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the self-efficacy for managing chronic disease 6-item scale (SECD-6-K).
Methods
The English version of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-item Scale first underwent forward and backward translation procedures. The SECD-6-K was then used to collect data from 350 adults diagnosed with chronic diseases. Content, construct, convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity were all evaluated. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s α. SPSS 25.0 and the data were analyzed using AMOS 26.0 software.
Results
The SECD-6-K consists of six items in two domains: disease management and health behavior. The results for construct, convergent, and discriminant validity were good. Exploratory factor analysis produced eigen values between 2.27 and 3.28, with factors total explained cumulative variance of 91.1%. Confirmatory factor analysis supported goodness of fit and reliability for the modified SECD-6-K model. The criterion validity also showed significant correlation with both the Patient Health Questionnaire and 12-item Short-Form Health Survey version 2. Finally, reliability was found to be excellent.
Conclusion
This study identified the high reliability and validity of SECD-6-K. The SECD-6-K is an appropriate tool for determining Korean patients’ self-efficacy in managing their chronic conditions. Therefore, this scale may be used in clinical settings as well as in educational and research settings.

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Development and Validation of the Short Form of Core Competencies Scale of Nursing Care for Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Sung Hae Kim, Seyong Lee, Sang Hee Kim, Jung Ok Choi, Gie Ok Noh
Asian Oncology Nursing.2024; 24(4): 184. CrossRef
Factors influencing self-management behaviors in older people with multiple chronic conditions based on the individual and family self-management theory: A cross-sectional study
Youngji Seo, Sunyoung Jung
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(3): 332. CrossRef
Psychometric property of the Japanese version of self-efficacy for managing chronic disease scale in individuals with chronic diseases
Megumi Hazumi, Mayumi Kataoka, Ayako Nakashita, Kentaro Usuda, Michi Miyake, Chiaki Kamikawa, Daisuke Nishi, Naoaki Kuroda
Heliyon.2024; 10(22): e40218. CrossRef
Psychometric properties of the self-efficacy scale for chronic disease management (SEMCD-S) in older Colombian adults
Lorena Cudris-Torres, Stefano Vinaccia Alpi, Álvaro Barrios-Núñez, Natali Gaviria Arrieta, Martha Luz Gómez Campuzano, Giselle Olivella-López, Juan Hernández-Lalinde, Valmore Bermúdez, Olaiza Lobato Pérez, Jorge Armando Niño-Vega, Jorge Navarro-Obeid, Rom
BMC Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Ambulatory Chemotherapy (Portable Infusion Pump Use) Video Education on Knowledge, Self-efficacy and Anxiety of Colorectal Cancer Patients
Eun Hee Choi, Eun Young Park, Young A Park, You Hee Son, Myung Jin Jang
Asian Oncology Nursing.2022; 22(3): 193. CrossRef

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Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Person-Centered Practice Inventory–Staff for Nurses: Kim, Sohyun , Tak, Sunghee H; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(3):363-379. Published online June 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21027

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Person-Centered Practice Inventory– Staff (PCPI-S) for nurses.
Methods
The English PCPI-S was translated into Korean with forward and backward translation. Data were collected from 338 nurses at one general hospital in Korea. Construct validity was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Known-group validity was also evaluated. Cronbach’s α was used to assess the reliability.
Results
The PCPI-S Korean version consisted of 51 items in three areas: prerequisites, the care environment, and person-centered process. The comparative fit index (CFI) and values of person-centered care process were improved after engagement and having sympathetic presence items were combined as one component. The construct validity of PCPI-S Korean version was verified using four-factor structures (.05 < RMSEA < .10, AGFI > .70, CFI > .70, and AIC). The convergent validity and discriminant validity of the entire PCPI-S question were verified using a two-factor structures (AVE > .50, construct reliability > .70). There was an acceptable known-group validity with a significant correlation between the PCPI-S level and the degree of person-centered care awareness and education. Internal consistency was reliable with Cronbach’s α .95.
Conclusion
The Korean version of PCPI-S is valid and reliable. It can be used as a standardized Korean version of person-centered care measurement tool. Abbreviation: RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; AGFI = adjusted goodness of fit index; AIC = Akaike information criterion; AVE = average variance extracted.

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The moderating effects of nurses’ characteristics on the perceptions and practices of family-centered care for chronically ill children and their families in Saudi Arabia
Nada Alqarawi, Eman Alhalal, Ibrahim Alasqah
BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Person-Centred Care: A Support Strategy for Managing Non-Communicable Diseases
Mateja Lorber, Nataša Mlinar Reljić, Barbara Kegl, Zvonka Fekonja, Gregor Štiglic, Adam Davey, Sergej Kmetec
Healthcare.2024; 12(5): 526. CrossRef
Nurses' practices of children and family-centered care for chronically ill children: A cross-sectional study
Nada Alqarawi, Eman Alhalal
Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 77: 172. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Person-Centered Care Among Psychiatric Nurses in Hospitals
Ji Su Lee, Mi Heui Jang, Min Jung Sun
Healthcare.2024; 12(22): 2269. CrossRef
Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Person-Centred Practice Inventory-Staff (PCPI-S)
Ana Carvajal-Valcárcel, Edgar Benitez, Marta Lizarbe-Chocarro, María José Galán-Espinilla, Mónica Vázquez-Calatayud, Begoña Errasti-Ibarrondo, Ana Choperena, Brendan McCormack, Vaibhav Tyagi, Virginia La Rosa-Salas
Healthcare.2024; 12(23): 2485. CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Version of Patient-Centered Care Tool: For Outpatients
Yeo Ju Kim, Gunjeong Lee, Sunyeob Choi
Patient Preference and Adherence.2023; Volume 17: 1525. CrossRef
The influence of Critical Reflection Competency, Nursing Work Environment and Job Crafting on Person-Centered Care in Tertiary Hospital Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study
Jinseon Hwang, Sujin Shin
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(3): 245. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Person-Centered Care among Hospice Nurses
Sinyoung Kwon, Kyoung Hee Kim
The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2022; 25(2): 66. CrossRef
Moral sensitivity and person‐centred care among mental health nurses in South Korea: A cross‐sectional study
Sun Joo Jang, Eun Hye Kim, Haeyoung Lee
Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(7): 2227. CrossRef

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Development of a Positive Nursing Organizational Culture Measurement Tool: Kim, Mi Jung , Kim, Jong Kyung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(3):305-319. Published online June 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21014

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement tool for a positive nursing organizational culture and to verify its reliability and validity.
Methods
A conceptual framework and construct factors were extracted through an extensive literature review and indepth interviews with nurses. The final version of the preliminary tool for the main survey was confirmed by experts through a content validity test and a preliminary survey of 40 nurses. Subsequently, the final tool was developed using a validity and reliability test containing 43 preliminary items. The final version of the tool was used with 327 hospital nurses in the testing phase for the main survey to assess validity and reliability.
Results
From the factor analysis, 4 factors and 26 items were selected. The factors were positive leadership of the nursing unit manager, pursuit of common values, formation of organizational relationships based on trust, and a fair management system. The entire determination coefficient was 67.7%. These factors were verified through convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity testing. The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (Cronbach’s α = .95).
Conclusion
Both the validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed demonstrating its utility for measuring positive nursing organizational culture. It is expected to be used for education, research, and practical performance policies regarding the nursing organizational culture.

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The Effects of Grit, Emergency Nursing Competency, and Positive Nursing Organisational Culture on Burnout Among Nurses in the Emergency Department
Su-Young Moon, Hyung-Ran Park
Behavioral Sciences.2025; 15(4): 486. CrossRef
The Influence of Diversity Management of Nursing Organization on Organizational Commitment: Double Mediating Effect of Diversity Sensitivity Orientation and Positive Nursing Organizational Culture
Hwi Gon Jeon, Keum Seong Jang, Eun A Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(3): 403. CrossRef
Development and validation of a quality of healthy work environment instrument for shift nurses
Sun-Hwa Shin, Eun-Hye Lee
BMC Nursing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Hospital organisational health as a mediator between positive nursing organisational culture, caring behaviour, and quality of nursing care
Bo Ram Ku, Mi Yu
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses’ Workplace Bullying Experiences Focusing on Meritocracy Belief, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Culture: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Insil Jang, Sun Joo Jang, Sun Ju Chang, Miyuki Takase
Journal of Nursing Management.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Influence of Ethical Nursing Competence and Positive Nursing Organizational Culture on Person-Centered Care in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Jae Eun Lee, Hye-Young Jang
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(3): 304. CrossRef
Effects of Personality Traits and Mentalization on Workplace Bullying Experiences among Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Sun Joo Jang, Eunhye Kim, Haeyoung Lee, Amanda Jane Henderson
Journal of Nursing Management.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Pathological narcissism, interpersonal cognitive distortions, and workplace bullying among nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Sun Joo Jang, Haeyoung Lee
Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(7): 3051. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Development of a Coping Scale for Infertility-Women (CSI-W): Kim, Miok , Ko, Jung-Mi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(5):671-685. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20038

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop a Coping Scale for Infertility-Women (CSI-W).
Methods
The initial items were based on an extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with seven infertile women. Forty-three items were derived from a pilot survey. Data were collected from 216 women who had experienced intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) more than once. The data were analyzed to verify the reliability and validity of the scale.
Results
Seven factors containing 28 items (four factors containing 17 items for active coping and three factors containing 11 items for passive coping) were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis to verify the construct validity. The four factors of active coping were confrontation, self-control, seeking social support (spouse), and seeking social support (colleagues and experts). The three factors of passive coping were distancing, escape, and avoidance. These items were verified through convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity testing. The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (active coping: Cronbach’s a = .78; passive coping: Cronbach’s a = .81).
Conclusion
As its validity and reliability have been verified through various methods, the CSI-W can contribute to assessing the coping strategies of infertile women.

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External Validation of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Acquisition Risk Prediction Model in a Medium Sized Hospital: Seo, Su Min , Jeong, Ihn Sook; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(4):621-630. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20137

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study was aimed to evaluate the external validity of a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) acquisition risk prediction model (the CREP-model) in a medium-sized hospital.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 613 patients (CRE group: 69, no-CRE group: 544) admitted to the intensive care units of a 453-beds secondary referral general hospital from March 1, 2017 to September 30, 2019 in South Korea. The performance of the CREP-model was analyzed with calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness.
Results
The results showed that those higher in age had lower presence of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs), cephalosporin use ≥ 15 days, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score ≥ 21 points, and lower CRE acquisition rates than those of CREP-model development subjects. The calibration-in-the-large was 0.12 (95% CI: - 0.16~0.39), while the calibration slope was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.63~1.12), and the concordance statistic was .71 (95% CI: .63~.78). At the predicted risk of .10, the sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rates were 43.5%, 84.2%, and 79.6%, respectively. The net true positive according to the CREP-model were 3 per 100 subjects. After adjusting the predictors’ cutting points, the concordance statistic increased to .84 (95% CI: .79~.89), and the sensitivity and net true positive was improved to 75.4%. and 6 per 100 subjects, respectively.
Conclusion
The CREP-model’s discrimination and clinical usefulness are low in a medium sized general hospital but are improved after adjusting for the predictors. Therefore, we suggest that institutions should only use the CREP-model after assessing the distribution of the predictors and adjusting their cutting points.

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Misun Lee, Hyunjung Kim
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Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life: Park, Jin-Hee , Bae, Sun Hyoung , Jung, Young-Mi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(3):487-500. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20049

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL).
Methods
The MENQOL was translated into Korean according to algorithm of linguistic validation process. A total of 308 menopausal womenwere recruited and assessed using the Korean version of MENQOL (MENQOL-K), the World Health Organization Quality of Life BriefVersion (WHOQOL-BREF), and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-K). In estimating reliability, internal consistencyreliability coefficients were calculated. Validity was evaluated through criterion validity and construct validity with confirmatory factor analysesusing SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 25.0 software.
Results
In item analyses, the “increased facial hair” symptom was excluded because of thelow contribution of MENQOL-K. The confirmatory factor analysis supported good fit and reliable scores for MENQOL-K model, and thefour-factor structure was validated (x²=553.28, p <.001, NC=1.84, RMSEA=.05, AGIF=.85, AIC=765.28). The MENQOL-K consists of 28 itemsin 4 domains, including vasomotor (3 items), psychosocial (7 items), physical (15 items), and sexual subscales (3 items). There was an acceptablecriterion validity with moderately significant correlation between MENQOL-K and WHOQOL-BREF. The Cronbach’s a for the 4subsacles ranged from .80 to .93.
Conclusion
The MENQOL-K is a valid and reliable scale to measure condition-specific quality of life forperimenopausal and postmenopausal women. It can be used to assess the impact of menopausal symptoms on the quality of life of Koreanwomen in clinical trials.

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Development and Validation of the New Version of Spirituality Assessment Scale: Il-Sun Ko, Soyoung Choi, Jin Sook Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(1):132-146. Published online January 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2020.50.1.132

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to develop a new version of Spirituality Assessment Scale (N-SAS) and verify its reliability and validity.

Methods:

The total of 59 preliminary items for the N-SAS were selected through a literature review, two rounds of experts’ content validation, cognitive interviews, and pre-tests. Verification of its reliability and validity was divided into two phases. In Phase I, questionnaires were collected from 219 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha, validity with item analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase II, questionnaires developed based on the results of Phase I were collected from 225 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha, validity with confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity.

Results:

The final version of the N-SAS comprised two dimensions (vertical and horizontal), four domains (relationship with God; meaning of life and self-integration; self-transcendence; and relationship with others, neighborhoods, and nature), and 44 items were identified. Total Cronbach’s α was .97; those of each subscale ranged from .79 to .98. N-SAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of Howden’s Spiritual Assessment Scale (r=.81, p<.001).

Conclusion

Findings suggest that the N-SAS can be used to measure spirituality in adults. The use of N-SAS is expected to facilitate perceiving patient’s spiritual needs and providing spiritual care.

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Cancer Nursing.2024; 47(4): E269. CrossRef
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Moon Yeon Kong, Nah-Mee Shin
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Development of the Patient Caring Communication Scale: Myoung Lyun Heo, Sook Bin Im; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(1):80-91. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.1.80

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study attempted to develop a scale that measures the level of patients' recognition of the nurses' care, based on Watson's caring theory, and confirmed its reliability and validity.

Methods

The items were developed through a literature review and an expert content validity test. The questionnaires were administered to 285 inpatients of internal medicine and surgical units at two general hospitals. Construct validity was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha.

Results

This process resulted in a preliminary scale composed of 34 items; We used item analysis and five exploratory factor analyses, and consequently selected 14 items composed of three factors (respect, genuineness, and relationality). The confirmatory factor analysis verified the model fit and convergent and discriminant validity of the final items; criterion validity was confirmed with the positive correlation with the measurement scale of the patient-perceived quality of nursing . The overall scale reliability had a Cronbach's alpha of .92, which indicated internal consistency and reliability.

Conclusion

The developed scale showed content, construct, and criterion validity, and reliability, as well as convergent validity for each item and discriminant validity between the factors. This makes it suitable for use in a diverse range of future studies on nurse communication using structural equation models.

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Development of the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS): Si Eun Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(5):643-654. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.5.643

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically test the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS).

Methods

The initial items were based on in-depth interviews with 10 older adults. Psychometric testing was then conducted with 322 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 or older. Content, construct, and criterion-related validity, classification in cutoff point, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability were used for the analysis.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis showed three factors, including 15 items explaining 91.6% of the total variance. The three distinct factors were loneliness associated with family relationships (34.3%), social loneliness (32.4%), and a lack of belonging (24.9%). As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, 14 items in the three-factor structure were validated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the KGLS’ cutoff point of 32 was associated with a sensitivity of 71.0%, specificity of 80.2%, and area under the curve of .83. Reliability, as verified by the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient, was .89, and Cronbach's α was .90.

Conclusion

As its validity and reliability have been verified through various methods, the KGLS can contribute to assessing loneliness in South Korean older adults.

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Development and Validation of a Measurement to Assess Person-centered Critical Care Nursing: Jiyeon Kang, Young Shin Cho, Yeon Jin Jeong, Soo Gyeong Kim, Seonyoung Yun, Miyoung Shim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(3):323-334. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.3.323

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure person-centered critical care nursing and verify its reliability and validity.

Methods

A total of 38 preliminary items on person-centered critical care nursing were selected using content validity analysis of and expert opinion on 72 candidate items derived through literature review and qualitative interviews. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 477 nurses who worked in intensive care units. The collected data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmative factor analysis (CFA) with SPSS and AMOS 24.0 program.

Results

EFA was performed with principal axis factor analysis and Varimax rotation. The 15 items in 4 factors that accounted for 50.8% of the total variance were identified by deleting the items that were not meet the condition that the commonality should be .30 or more and the factor loading over .40. We named the factors as compassion, individuality, respect, and comfort, respectively. The correlation coefficient between this scale and the Caring Perception Scale was r=.57 (p<.001), which determined concurrent validity. The item-total correlation values ranged from .39 to .63, and the internal consistency for the scale was Cronbach's α=.84.

Conclusion

The reliability and validity of the 15 item person-centered critical care nursing scale were verified. It is expected that the use of this scale would expand person-centered care in critical care nursing.

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Hye Jin Yoo, Eunyoung E. Suh, Yeon Hee Shin, Jung Sun Choi, Kwang Hee Park, Jung Yoon Kim, Hyunsun Kim, Jiyoung Kang
Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2019; 12(3): 50. CrossRef

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Development of an Instrument to Assess the Quality of Childbirth Care from the Mother's Perspective: Geum Hee Jeong, Hyun Kyoung Kim, Young Hee Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, Sun Hee Lee, Kyung Won Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):38-49. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.38

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to develop an instrument to assess the quality of childbirth care from the perspective of a mother after delivery.

Methods

The instrument was developed from a literature review, interviews, and item validation. Thirty-eight items were compiled for the instrument. The data for validity and reliability testing were collected using a questionnaire survey conducted on 270 women who had undergone normal vaginal delivery in Korea and analyzed with descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability coefficients.

Results

The exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of items in the instrument to 28 items that were factored into four subscales: family-centered care, personal care, emotional empowerment, and information provision. With respect to convergence validation, there was positive correlation between this instrument and birth satisfaction scale (r=.34, p<.001). The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha =.96).

Conclusion

This instrument could be used as a measure of the quality of nursing care for women who have a normal vaginal delivery.

Citations

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Major Effect Models of Social Support and Its Statistical Methods in Korean Nursing Research: Eun Hyun Lee, Jin Sun Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(6):1503-1520. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.6.1503

Abstract PDF

The purpose of the present study is 1) to explain major effect models (main, moderating, and mediating) of social support and statistical methods for testing the effect models and 2) to analyze and evaluate the consistency in the use of the effect models and its statistical methods in Korean nursing studies. A total of 57 studies were selected from Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, Journal of Korean Academic Society of Adult Nursing, Journal of Korean Women's Health Nursing Academic Society, Journal of Fundamentals of Nursing, Journal of Korean Community Nursing, Journal of Korean Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Academic Society, and Journal of Korean Pediatric Nursing Academic Society published in the year of 1990-1999. In results, most studies on social support performed in Korea Nursing Society were about a main effect model. There are few studies on moderating or mediating model of social support. Thus, it was difficult to find research findings how, why, under what conditions social support impacted on health outcomes. Most studies on the moderating or mediating effect model of social support used statistical methods for testing main effect model rather than for testing moderating or mediating effect model. That is, there are inconsistency between effect models of social support and its statistical methods in Korean nursing researches. Therefore, it is recommended to perform studies on moderating or mediating effect model and use appropriate statistical methods.

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Identifying Latent Classes of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease: Eunsil Ju, JiSun Choi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(6):817-827. Published online January 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.6.817

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to identify latent classes based on major modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis using data from the electronic medical records of 2,022 patients, who were newly diagnosed with coronary artery disease at a university medical center, from January 2010 to December 2015. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for descriptive analysis and Mplus version 7.4 for latent class analysis.

Results

Four latent classes of risk factors for coronary artery disease were identified in the final model: ‘smoking-drinking’, ‘high-risk for dyslipidemia’, ‘high-risk for metabolic syndrome’, and ‘high-risk for diabetes and malnutrition’. The likelihood of these latent classes varied significantly based on socio-demographic characteristics, including age, gender, educational level, and occupation.

Conclusion

The results showed significant heterogeneity in the pattern of risk factors for coronary artery disease. These findings provide helpful data to develop intervention strategies for the effective prevention of coronary artery disease. Specific characteristics depending on the subpopulation should be considered during the development of interventions.

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Review Article

A Review on the Use of Effect Size in Nursing Research: Hyuncheol Kang, Kyupil Yeon, Sang-Tae Han; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(5):641-649. Published online October 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.5.641

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to introduce the main concepts of statistical testing and effect size and to provide researchers in nursing science with guidance on how to calculate the effect size for the statistical analysis methods mainly used in nursing.

Methods

For t-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis which are used frequently in nursing research, the generally accepted definitions of the effect size were explained.

Results

Some formulae for calculating the effect size are described with several examples in nursing research. Furthermore, the authors present the required minimum sample size for each example utilizing G^*Power 3 software that is the most widely used program for calculating sample size.

Conclusion

It is noted that statistical significance testing and effect size measurement serve different purposes, and the reliance on only one side may be misleading. Some practical guidelines are recommended for combining statistical significance testing and effect size measure in order to make more balanced decisions in quantitative analyses.

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Original Article

Construct Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index for Korean Nurses: Eunhee Cho, Mona Choi, Eun-Young Kim, Il Young Yoo, Nam-Ju Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(3):325-332. Published online June 13, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.3.325

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of PES-NWI measuring nursing work environments in hospitals.

Methods

The Korean version of the PES-NWI was developed through forward-backward translation techniques, and revision based on feedback from focus groups. An internal consistency reliability and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis were conducted using SPSS WIN (16.0) and AMOS (18.0). Survey data were collected from 733 nurses who worked in three acute care hospitals in Seoul, South Korea.

Results

The Korean version of PES-NWI showed reliable internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .93. Factor loadings of the 29 items on the five subscales ranged from .28 to .85. The five subscales model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (RMR<.05, CFI>.9).

Conclusion

The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean version of PES-NWI has satisfactory construct validity and reliability to measure nursing work environments of hospitals in Korea.

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