The concept and definition of nursng and her role have been changing in accordance with the socio-cultural factors of the initial society. At present, nursing is conceptualized as a health qare profession assisting man to restore, maintain and promote health by providing knowledge, will strength and resources through various processes of interaction. Man's behavior, of individual and group, activities for health inclusive, is driven by the initial man' s value orientation. The purppose of this study is to investigate the value orientation regarding health of rural health center milieu in order to give data for; 1. the planning for the delivery of community nursing service, 2. the health education pkn at all level of nursing care activities, and 3. the planning of curriculum for nursing education. A hundred opinion leaders among the labor pupulation residing in rural areas (P-group), hundred and six professional nurses at rural health centers(N-group) were intirectly interviewed through questionaires. And ninety five of N-group were interviewed likewise of their perceptions of P-group (NP-group) from July 15, to October 15, 1974. The result is as follows: 1. Maintenance of health is revealed to be the most valued component for man' s happiness in all the three groups. (P-group;7. 30 S. D. =1.31), (N-group;7,84S. D. =49), and (NP-group; 5. 93 S. D. =2.28) 2. The average value score of the maintenance of health revealed significant difference by P(. 001 level between each of the three groups. (Between N-group snd P-group; T= -4. 07 P and NP; T=-6.93, N and NP; T=-9.35) 3. Basic health maintenance activities necessary for maintenance and promotion of personal health were moderately valued by all the three groups, P-group;3. 74 (S.D. =.43), N-group; 3.52 (S. D.=.34), NP-group; 3.07 (S. D. =,55) Among the 8 categories of basic health maintenanc activities, "food intake" was highly valu-ed by P-gruup(mean value score; 4.00 S. D. =.51), "exercise and rest" and "personal cleanliness" was highly valued by both P-group (4.02, 4.08) and N-group (4.08, 4.22). 4. The mean value score of basic health maintenance activities revealed significant differ-ence by P(.001 level between each of the three groups (between P-group and N-group; T= -4.07, N-and NP; T=-6.93, P and NP; T=- 9.35) 5. Among the 30 questionnaires, dynamic activities for health maintenence were more valued in comparison to passive activities in all the three groups. 6. In N-group, correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and the personal health status personal revealee moderate significance. Correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and the age revealed low significance. 7. In P-group, correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and; perception of personal health status revealed non significance, between the age and sex reve-aledlow sign ificance, and between the educational status revealed moderate significance. Recommendations are as follows; 1. The efforts towards alteration of value orientation concerning health in general in community nursing practice de focussed be that of family planning. 2. In order to prepare professional nurses competent in understanding individual and group, social science and behavioral science be strength ened in planning nursing curricuum. 3. Milieu of nursing experience during nursing education be planned to begin at simplenurs-ing problem and move towards complex, f. e. home care towards health crisis situation in orderr to achieve dynamic role mastery.

This study waa undertaken in an attempt to; 1) measure value orientation of nursing activities, 2)identify the relationship between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation, and 2) evaluate the pattern of nursing education and nursing service administration. 203 hospitalized adults and 203 professional nurses from 11 general hospitals in Seonl during the period of July to December 1973 were tested according to questionnaire based on 4 categories of clinical nursing activities, 1) physical care, 2) observation and control, 3) psychosocial care and 4) therapeutic measures. Results of the study are as follows: 1. Nurses were more concerned than patients in the physical care category. Significant difference was revealed by p<. 01 level (t=2.800). Mean value score of nurses was average (2.84), and mean value score of patients was relative'y low (2.49). None of the physical care category questionnaire items were over 3.5. 2. Respondents from hospitals of total care system revealed significant difference in the physical care category by p<. 025 level. (t=2.242). Mean value score of both group were average level (nurse 2.90, patient 2.53)> nurses showed higher concern. :3. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in observation and control category was revealed non- significance by p> 0.05. level (t = 1.238). Mean value score of both group revea ed relatively high Cnurse=3. 44, patient 3.19). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient' sexpectation in psycho- social care category revealed non- significance by p> .05 level (t-0.758), Mean value score of both group revealed average level (nurse=2.71, patient=2.53). 5. Non- significant difference was noted between B. S. N. and diploma nurse's role perception in the psycho- social care category by p> 0.1 level (t = 0.316). 6. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in the the rapeutic me asures category revealed non- significace by p> 0.05 level) t=0.503). Nurses showed high concern by mean value score 3.56 level and patients relatively high by 3. 41. All items of this category revealed very high or relatively high value score.

The Purposes of this study were : 1) to evaluate validity of a pain rating scale using the level of correlation between the Korean Pain Rating Scale(KPRS), Short-From KPRS(SKPRS) and the Graphic Rating Scale(GRS). 2) to identify sensitivity of the scale using pain behavior of patients with chronic pain Of the 2025 patients with chronic pain who visited the orthopedic and neurosurgical out-patients departments of 11 university hospital in various districts of Korea, 520 subjects wee selected through convenient sampling and responded to the questionnaires by mail. The results of the study can be summarized as follows ; 1. The mean pain score measured by the KPRS was 444.85 : the mean sensory score was 209.47, the mean affective score, 147.63 and the mean miscellaneus score. 87.85. The mean pain score measured by the GRS was 20.11 : the mean sensory intensity score, 10.54. and the mean distress score, 9.57. 2. The average number of hours of rest during the day was 3.3, the average score of discomfort in carrying out ADL was 99, the average frequency of pain relieving practices was 3.0 the average number of pain sites was 3.6. 3. The most sensitive scale to differentiate each group was the GRS, the KPRS and SKPRS were less sensitive than the GRS. 4. The intercorrelation between the KPRS total score and the GRS score(.500) as well as that of the SKPRS score were highly correlated(.652), but intercorrelation between the SKPRS score and the GRS score(.172) was not high. Based on the above results, it was found that the SKPRS must be studied further to obtain validity.

The purposes of this study were ; 1) to assess the level of pain and to identity the varieties and the degree of pain-related behavior, 2) to measure the level of correlation between the level of pain and the degree of pain?related behavior, 3) to test the correlation between the Korean Pain Rating Scale (KPRS) and Graphic Rating Scale(GRS), and 4) to gather data relevant to the Socio-demqgraphic status of the subjects. The level of pain was measured by KPRS and GRS developed by the researchers. The KPRS consists of three dimensions ; the sensory, the affective and the miscel laneous and the GRS of two separate scales ; the intensity scale and the unpleasantness scale. Of the 2,025 who had visited orthopedic and neurosur-gical out-patients department of 11 university hospitals in various districts of Korea with the episode of joint pain, 405 subjects were self-selected by responding to the data gathering tools and questionaires mailed. The results are summaried as follows; 1. Maale(217, 53.6%) exceeded female patients( 188, 46. 4%) in number and the onset of joint pain was more prevalent in the age groups of the 20s and the 30s. 160(39.5%) had been hospitalized for the treatment of, and 87 (21.5%) had retired because of the joint pain. 2. Mean pain score measured by KPRS was 128.31 (ran ge; 0 1.344.8); mean sensory score was 43.23(range: 0-645.88%), mean affective score was 46.09(range; 0 356.72), and mean miscellaneous score was 39.99 (range; 0-341.68). Mean pain scores measured by GRS were; sensory intensity score; 109l(range: 0-200) and distress score; 99.1 (range: 0 200). 3. The prevalent sites of joint pain revealed to be the right knee joint(203: 50.1%), left knee joint(181(44. 7%), left ilium ( 147,36.3%). lumbar regir,n(106: 26. 2%), hip joint(92: 22.7%) and the ankle(84; 20.7%). 4. The average sleep hour was 6.8hours per day and the average rest hour during the day hours was 3.3hours (range 0-20). 5. The average duration of suffering from bint pain was 49.1 months. 6. Most of the subjects(298; 73.6%) used some sorts.

The purposes of this study were; 1) to gather data relevant to demographic features, major main management practices, and the level of impairment of the activities of daily living (ADL) of patients with back pain, 2) to test the sensitivity of the Korean Pain Rating Scale and the Graphic Rating Scales, and 3) to identify indirect indicators of back pain by analysing pain related-bebaviors. The level of pain was measured by Korean Pain Rating Scale(KPRS) and Graphic Rating Scales(GRS) developed by the reserchers. The GRS consists of two dimensions; the pain intensity (sensory) and unpleasantness (affective) measures. Of the 1,650 diagnosed back pain patients, from January 4 through June 30, 1987 by visiting outpatients' clinics of orthopedic and neurosurgical departments at 11 university hospitals in different districts of Korea, 330 men and women patients were self-selected by responding to the mailed questionnaires. The results were summarised as follows; Male exceeded female patients in number and onset of back pain were more prevalent in the age groups of 20s and the 30s. The average duration of suffering from the pain were 11 months, sixty three (19.1%) of the subjects retired from their jobs, one third(36.7%) have been hospitalized for the treatment of back pain. In two thirds(64.8%) of the cases pain was characterized as lower back pain. The average sleep hour was 6.8 hours per 24 hours and the average rest hour during the day was 3.3 hours. The mean percentage of pain measured by GRS was higher than that of KPRS. The level of sensory intensity as well as the affective level of pain measured by KPRS and GRS were not highly correlated (sensory intensity r=0.4986, affective r=0.5029) which indicated low discriminative power. On the other hand, intercorrelation between sensory and affective dimension measured by KPRS and GRS showed moderate interrelation(r=0.7247; r=0.7899). One-third(32.5%) of the subjects complied with the hospital prescribed treatment while the other one-third(31.5%) depended on self-remedy and traditional practices, and the last one-third did not imply any pain management practices. The following 6 pain-related behaviors such as length of hospitalization, rest hour during day hours, varieties of pain management practice implied, number of pain sites, need for ADL and discomfort accompanied by ADL revealed to be important indicators of back pain. An investigation of sociodemographic features of patients with back pain in a larger context, i.e. with bigger number of respondents is recommended.Tests for construct validity of KPRS, i.e. factor analysis is further recommended.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health promoting behavior and quality of life in the elderly, to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention in order to improve quality of life. The subjects of this study were 51 elderly person over the age of 65, living in Seoul, Korea, during the period from November, 1997 to January, 1998. The instruments for this study were the health promoting behavior scale developed by Walker et (1987), the quality of life scale by RoyouJa(1988), the health concept scale by Laffrey(1986), the perceived health states scale by Lawston et al. (1992), the health value scale by Walston et al.(1978), the self esteem scale by Rogenberg(1965) and self efficacy scale by Sherer(1982). The instruments of this using descriptive statistics, t-test, Person correlation coefficients ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The health promoting behavior showed significant positive correlation with health concept perception of health status, self esteem, internal health locus of control, self efficacy and quality of life in the elderly. 2. The quality of life showed significant positive correlation with health concept, perception of health status, self esteem, internal health locus of control, self efficacy in the elderly. 3. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting behavior was quality of life. A combination of quality of life, health concept, perceived health status, self esteem, internal health locus of control, and self esteem, internal health locus, and self efficacy accounted for 46% of the variance in health promoting behavior in the elderly. 4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of quality of life in the elderly was self esteem. A combination of self esteem. health concept, perceived health status, health promoting behavior and self efficacy account for 56% of the variance in quality of life in the elderly. From the results of the study, the following recommendations are presented as follow : 1. Development of a health promoting program to improve quality of life in the elderly. 2. In developing the health promoting, the above major influencing factors be considered. 3. It is suggested that an education specialist in practice in the community be include in the program development.