Health at infancy and early childhood is considered an important factor for healthy life thereafter. Concept of nursing is inclusive not only of physical care but also psycho-social aspect in order to help achieve maximum state of wellness. Statistical studies reveal concept and structure of family and home tends to change towards .neuclear type, ratio of female occupancy tends to increase. These tendencies will influence the method uf infants and children. Purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of mothers and their children with and without occupation, method of nurturing and analyse data according to various variables, in arnder to give data for care for infants and children. During the period of June 12 though July 22, 1973, 98 mothers and their 224 children; 53 mothers with occupation with 110 chil children and 45 mothers without occupation with 114 children, were .interviewed indirectly through check list. Results of the studies are as follows: 1. Hypothesis 1; Tendencies of finger sucking" will be gra-eter in children of occupant mothers due to lack of maternal love. Through chi-square examination, significant difference is revealed by P> 0.05 level, therefore Hypothesis 1 is rejected. (X2=0.24) 2. Hypothesis 2; occupant mothers tend to have had wanted number of children through family planning. Ratio of wanted virsus unwanted children were tested and significant difference is revealed by P<0. 05 level. Hypothesis 2 is supported. (X2=8.398) 3. Hypothesis 3; Non-occupant mothers tend to cuddle more while feeding infants. Significant difference is revealed through Chi-square test by P <0.05 level. Hypothesis 3 is rejected. (X2=4.34) Conclusion and recommendations; Occupant mothers' higher dagree of interest ani consideration compared to that of non-occupant mothers in regard to nurturing of their children have been ascertained by this study. These results might have coms up dus to the differences of sociosconomic and cultural status of respondents. Further studies on each variable between mothers with and without occupation with similar socio-economic and cultural background are recommended.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the nursing needs of patients with chronic illness. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 636 patients with chronic illness, 323 general nurses, and 106 public health nurses. The instruments used for this study were questionnaires including perceived functions of nursing from the center for chronic illness, preference to placement, intention to use, needs to receive services from the center for chronic illness, strategies management for nursing, and nursing needs of chronically ill patients. RESULTS: The mean of perceived functions for nursing from the center were 3.1(0.5) in public health nurses, 2.9 (0.59) in general nurses, and 2.4(1.33) in chronically ill patients. Regards of needs to receive on services of the nursing centers were, the regularly physical examination, for health educational services which was perceived highest request amongst chronically ill patients. We found the means of each specific need as 2.2(0.6), for physical health, 2.1(0.7), for psychosocial health, and 1.8(0.6) for spiritual health. CONCLUSION: From the results of this study, it is suggested that establishing a nursing center for chronically ill patients consider physical, psychosocial, for spiritual health needs of chronically ill patients. It is also a consideration that direct care for symptom management and health education in the nursing center be implemented.

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• Decision supporting method for chronic disease patients based on mining frequent pattern tree
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• Preferences for Care near the End of Life according to Chronic Patients' Characteristics
  Seonyoung Yun, Jiyeon Kang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(2): 207.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct a structural model for health promoting behavior of patients with chronic disease. The hypothetical model was developed based on the literature review and Pender's health promotion model.
METHOD
Data was collected by questionnaires from 1748 patients with chronic disease in General Hospital from December 1999 to July 2000 in Seoul. The disease of subject were cardiac disease included hypertension peptic ulcer, pulmonary disease included COPD and asthma, DM, and chronic kidney disease. Data analysis was done with SAS 6.12 for descriptive statistics and PC-LISREL 8.13 Program for Covariance structural analysis.
RESULTS
1. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate, it was modified by excluding 4 path and including free parameters to it. The modified model with path showed a good fitness to the empirical data (x2=591.83, p<.0001, GFI=0.97, AGFI= 0.94, NNFI=0.95, RMSR=0.01, RMSEA=0.05). 2. The perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and the plan for action were found to have significant direct effect on health promoting behavior of chronic disease. 3. The health concept, health perception, emotional state, social support were found to have indirect effects on health promoting behavior of chronic disease.
CONCLUSION
The derived model in this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting health promoting behavior of patients with chronic disease. Therefore, it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and suggested implication in nursing practice.

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• Factors affecting the health promoting behaviors of office male workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Using Pender’s health promotion model
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  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2021; 27(4): 412.     CrossRef
• The intervention effects of the Clean Diet program on the health promotion attitudes and the physiological indices of an elderly
  So-Hong Shin, Hyun-Sil Kim
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(6): 495.     CrossRef
• Implementation of U-Healthcare System for Chronic Disease Management
  Geun-Teak Ryu, Hun Choi
  Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers.2014; 51(1): 233.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Health-Promoting Behaviors in People Living with HIV
  Young Mi Park, Gisoo Shin, Jiyoung Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2014; 26(2): 234.     CrossRef
• A Predictive Model on Health Promotion Behavior in Women who Immigrate for Marriage
  Namok Jeong, Myung Ha Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(5): 695.     CrossRef
• A Predictive Model of Health Promotion Behavior in Obese School-Age Children
  Mi Suk Jeon, Hyeon-Ok Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(2): 264.     CrossRef
• Testing and Developing the Health Promotion Model in Low-Income, Korean Elderly Women
  Kyung Rim Shin, Younhee Kang, Hyo Jung Park, Myoung Ok Cho, Margaret Heitkemper
  Nursing Science Quarterly.2008; 21(2): 173.     CrossRef
• Exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits and barriers, and commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean women with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
  Yun Hee Shin, Hea Kung Hur, Nola J. Pender, Hee Jung Jang, Moon-Sil Kim
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2006; 43(1): 3.     CrossRef
• Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean adults with chronic disease
  YunHee Shin, SangKyun Yun, Nola J. Pender, HeeJung Jang
  Research in Nursing & Health.2005; 28(2): 117.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct a structural model for health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. A hypothetical model was developed based on the literature review. METHOD: Data was collected by questionnaires from 235 patients with chronic respiratory disease in a General Hospital in Seoul. Data analysis was done using SAS 6.12 for descriptive statistics and the PC-LISREL 8.13 Program for Covariance Structural Analysis. RESULT: The results are as follows : 1. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate. It was modified by excluding 2 path and including free parameters and 3 path to it. The modified model with path showed a good fitness to the empirical data(X2=80.20, P=0.05, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.88, NNFI=0.95, NFI=0.96, RMSR=0.01, RMSEA =0.06). 2. The perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and a plan of action were found to have significant direct effects on the health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. 3. The health perception, self-esteem, and activity related to affect were found to have indirect effects on the health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: The modified model of this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Therefore, it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and suggested direction in nursing practice.

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• A Predictive Model of Health Promotion Behavior in Obese School-Age Children
  Mi Suk Jeon, Hyeon-Ok Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(2): 264.     CrossRef
• Exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits and barriers, and commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean women with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
  Yun Hee Shin, Hea Kung Hur, Nola J. Pender, Hee Jung Jang, Moon-Sil Kim
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2006; 43(1): 3.     CrossRef
• Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean adults with chronic disease
  YunHee Shin, SangKyun Yun, Nola J. Pender, HeeJung Jang
  Research in Nursing & Health.2005; 28(2): 117.     CrossRef
• Using methodological triangulation for cultural verification of commitment to a plan for exercise scale among Korean adults with chronic diseases
  YunHee Shin, Nola J. Pender, SangKyun Yun
  Research in Nursing & Health.2003; 26(4): 312.     CrossRef

This study was designed to construct a structural model for quality of life of chronic gastric disease. The hypothetical model was developed based on the literature review and Pender's health promotion model. Data were collected by questionnaires from 459 patients with chronic gastric disease in a General Hospital from July 1999 to August 2000 in Seoul. Data analysis was done with SAS 6.12 for descriptive statistics and PC-LISREL 8.13 Program for Covariance structural analysis. The results are as follows : 1. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate, thus it was modified by excluding 1 path and including free parameters and 2 path to it. The modified model with path showed a good fitness to the empirical data (Chi2=934.87, p<.0001, GFI=0.88, AGFI=0.83, NNFI=0.86, RMSR =0.02, RMSEA=0.07). 2. The perceived barrier, health promoting behavior, self-efficacy, and self-esteem were found to have significant direct effects on the quality of life. 3. The health concept, health perception, emotional state, and social support were found to have indirect effects on quality of life of chronic gastric disease. In conclusion, the derived model in this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting quality of life of chronic gastric disease. Therefore it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and suggested direction in nursing practice.

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• Exercise self-efficacy, exercise benefits and barriers, and commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean women with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
  Yun Hee Shin, Hea Kung Hur, Nola J. Pender, Hee Jung Jang, Moon-Sil Kim
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2006; 43(1): 3.     CrossRef
• Structural Model for Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Cardiovascular Disease in Korea
  Kuem Sun Han, Sook Ja Lee, Eun Sook Park, Young-Joo Park, Kang Hyun Cheol
  Nursing Research.2005; 54(2): 85???96.     CrossRef
• Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean adults with chronic disease
  YunHee Shin, SangKyun Yun, Nola J. Pender, HeeJung Jang
  Research in Nursing & Health.2005; 28(2): 117.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Quality of Life in People with Chronic Illness in Korea
  KuemSun Han, PyoungSook Lee, SookJa Lee, EunSook Park
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2003; 35(2): 139.     CrossRef
• Using methodological triangulation for cultural verification of commitment to a plan for exercise scale among Korean adults with chronic diseases
  YunHee Shin, Nola J. Pender, SangKyun Yun
  Research in Nursing & Health.2003; 26(4): 312.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to identify causal relationships among variables of transtheoretical model for exercise in the elderly. A predictivel model explaining the stage of change was constructed based on a transtheoretical model. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected from 198 old adults over 60 years old in a community setting in Seoul, Korea in April and May,1999. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling (LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which predicts causal relationship of variables. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was X2=132.85. (df=22, p=.000). GFI=.88, NNFI=.35, NFI=.77, AGFI=.59 which was not favorable but the fit of modified model to the data was X2=46.90. (df=27, p=.01).GFI= .95, NNFI=.91, NFI=.92, AGFI=.87) which was more than moderate. The predictable variables of stage of change for exercise of the Korean elderly were helping relationship, self cognitive determination, conversion of negative condition in process of change and efficacy for exercise . These variables explained 68% of stage of change for exercise of the Korean elderly.

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• Factors Associated with Stages of Exercise Behavior Change of Residents in a Community
  Kyung-Shin Paek
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(3): 316.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy in the Transtheoretical Model Among Adolescent Male Smokers in Korea
  Ok Kyung Ham, Jae Bok Yoo
  Asian Nursing Research.2009; 3(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Korean adolescents' exercise behavior and its relationship with psychological variables based on stages of change model
  Y KIM
  Journal of Adolescent Health.2004; 34(6): 523.     CrossRef

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the factors that change exercise behave. This study will also classify and identify the characteristics of excercise stages to which the elderly belong Also, to identify the processes of change which influence on the changes in exercise performed by the elderly.
Methods
Convenient samples of 198 subjects over the age 60 in Seoul Korea(mean age=70) were selected from elderly communities and were all mentally conpetant older adults. The data were collected from April 1,1999 to May 30, 1999. The research instruments were measured the change in exercise (Marcus et al., 1992b), such as Stage of Change measure(Marcus et al,1992a). The data were analyzed by SAS Program.
Results
1. According to the measure of change without missing data, 191 subjects were distributed each stage of change for exercise: 50 subjects (26.1%), 7 subjects (3.6%), 52 subjects (27.2%), 4 subjects (2%), and 78 (40.8%) belonged to the precontemplation stage, the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, the action stage and the maintenace stage. 2. According to the factor analysis, 6 factors of change were identified as appropriate processes of change and were named by the researchers. The names were; 'Supportive helping relationship', 'Self cognitive determination', 'Environmental reinforcement', Consciousness raising', Reinforcement of negative condition and 'Conversion of negative condition'. 3. According to the stage of change, there were significant mean differences in the 'Supportive helping relationship(F=22.04, p=.0001)', 'Self cognitive determination (F=50.87, p=.0001)', 'Reinforcement of negative condition(F=7.84,p=.0006)'. 4. Through the discriminant analysis, it was found that Self cognitive determination is the most influential variable as one of the processes of change which can discrimiate the three stages of change (precontemplation, preparation, and maintenance). Also the next significant variable was Reinforcement of negative condition.
Conclusion
The process of the dey change is one of concepts of The transtheoretical model known as strategies and the techniques people use as they go through the different stages of change. Even though this study is cross- sectional not longitudinal study, the finding of this study gives useful information for exercise intervention, by using this strategy of exercise for elderly in different stages of change in exercise.

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• Influence of exercise self efficacy and perceived health status according to the stage of change for exercise behaviors in older adults
  Woo-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(11): 549.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health promoting behavior and quality of life in the elderly, to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention in order to improve quality of life. The subjects of this study were 51 elderly person over the age of 65, living in Seoul, Korea, during the period from November, 1997 to January, 1998. The instruments for this study were the health promoting behavior scale developed by Walker et (1987), the quality of life scale by RoyouJa(1988), the health concept scale by Laffrey(1986), the perceived health states scale by Lawston et al. (1992), the health value scale by Walston et al.(1978), the self esteem scale by Rogenberg(1965) and self efficacy scale by Sherer(1982). The instruments of this using descriptive statistics, t-test, Person correlation coefficients ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The health promoting behavior showed significant positive correlation with health concept perception of health status, self esteem, internal health locus of control, self efficacy and quality of life in the elderly. 2. The quality of life showed significant positive correlation with health concept, perception of health status, self esteem, internal health locus of control, self efficacy in the elderly. 3. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting behavior was quality of life. A combination of quality of life, health concept, perceived health status, self esteem, internal health locus of control, and self esteem, internal health locus, and self efficacy accounted for 46% of the variance in health promoting behavior in the elderly. 4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of quality of life in the elderly was self esteem. A combination of self esteem. health concept, perceived health status, health promoting behavior and self efficacy account for 56% of the variance in quality of life in the elderly. From the results of the study, the following recommendations are presented as follow : 1. Development of a health promoting program to improve quality of life in the elderly. 2. In developing the health promoting, the above major influencing factors be considered. 3. It is suggested that an education specialist in practice in the community be include in the program development.

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