The purpose of this study was to analyze and assess the current situation of Korea's school health education program and to establish measures to efficiently carry out school health education in Korea.

The survey was conducted through the internet with the health educators of elementary, middle, and high schools nationwide to assess the current condition of school health education programs, and 2,459 samples were collected which accounted for 23.4% of the total respondents.

According to school health educators on the enforcement of health education, the higher the education became, the less the health education was enforced. The enforcement rate was 96.9% in elementary schools, 76.7% in middle schools, and 67.3% in high schools. The major reasons were found as difficulty in securing class time (54.5%) and other excessive workloads (20.9%). As a result of the health education awareness survey, over 99% answered that health education is needed, over 80% answered that the education requires independent health textbooks, and over 95% answered that health educators are suitable for the person in charge of the education.

This study will be a useful in establishing a detailed policy on enhancing school health education in the future.

This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types in late school-age children and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their health status.

One thousand twenty seven children in elementary school fifth and sixth grades were recruited from November to December, 2004. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, 2-test, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Three anger-expression types in late school-age children were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control, and Low anger-expression types. Children frequently using the anger-out/in type among the three types and with a higher state anger reported higher psychosomatic symptoms and depression. Children from a divorced or separated family reported higher state anger.

This study suggests that a specific anger management program needs to be developed for late school-age children with high state anger and frequently using the anger out/in expression type. For understanding the anger level and the anger expression types of Korean school-age children, further research needs to be done with large samples using a randomized sampling method.

This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression typesof adolescent women and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their problem behaviors and health status.

One hundred ninety nine high school freshmen were recruited from September to November, 2003. Data wasanalyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, χ²-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison test.

Three anger-expression types in adolescent women were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control/in, and Anger-control type. Adolescent women with frequently using the anger-out/in type and with higher state anger reported more delinquent behaviors, more health risk behaviors, and higher psychosomatic symptoms. However, adolescent women with lower state anger and frequently using the anger-control type reported more depression scores.

There is a need to further clarify the relationship between anger-expression typesand depression in adolescent women. The findings suggest the necessity of a development of the program for lowering the anger level and controlling the unfavorable anger expression types such as the anger-out in.

This one group experimentation was designed to develop a program for relieving ‘ Hwa-Byung’(HB) symptoms and examine its effects on HB symptoms, pain threshold emotions like anger, anxiety and depression.

The program consisted of three components the change of the cognitive thoughts, the formation of a supportive network, and induction of mind-body relaxation. Sixteen middle-aged women with HB were divided into three groups for group dynamics according to the time of the recruitment. Data was collected for nine months at three time points, before, immediately after, and one month later of its application.

There were statistically significant differences in the severity level of state anger, state anxiety, depression, and HB symptoms according to the time interval. The means of state anger and state anxiety were reduced after the intervention, but it was slightly increased one month later. The means of depression and HB symptoms were continuously reduced after the intervention and one month later.

This was the first management program for HB women in Korea. A future study must be done with the research design formethodological strength revision of the program.

This study was designed to determine the predictors of postpartum depression.

One hundred- sixty one women within one year after delivery from one public health center located in the northern area of Seoul were used in this study. The instruments were a survey of general characteristics, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, recent life events index, perceived social support from family, Quality of marriage index, parenting stress index, and Rosenberg's self-esteem inventory. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and logistic regression.

The average item score of the EPDS was 6.67. 12.4% of respondents, who scored above a threshold 12, were likely to be suffering from a depression of varying severity. The fitness of the model for explaining postpartum depression from six variables, plan for pregnancy, family support, quality of marital relation, perceived social support, life events, childcare stress, and self-esteem, was statistically significant and the predictive power of these variables was 90.9%. The significant predictors of postpartum depression were family support and child care stress.

Further research is needed to identify the prevalence rate of postpartum depression using more reliable sampling methods from a large general population. Nursing interventions need to be developed for promoting family support and reducing childcare stress.

This study was designed to construct a structural model for explaining negative outcomes of anger in female adolescents.

Data was collected by questionnaires from 199 female adolescents ina female high school in Seoul. Data analysis was done with SAS for descriptive statistics and a PC-LISREL Program for Covariance structural analysis.

The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate, thus it was modified by excluding 7 paths and adding free parameters to it. The modified model withthe paths showed a good fit to the empirical data(χ² =5.62, p=.69, GFI=.99, AGFI=.97, NFI=.99, NNFI=1.01, RMSR=.02, RMSEA=.00). Trait anger, state anger, and psychosocial problems were found to have a significant direct effect on psychosomatic symptoms. State anger, psychosocial problems, and learning behaviorswere found to have direct effects on depression of female adolescents.

The derived modelis considered appropriate for explaining and predicting negative outcomes of anger in female adolescents. Therefore, it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and is a suggested direction in nursing practice.

This study was designed to explore the association of diet with menopausal symptoms in Korean women.

For this cross-sectional survey, 276 women aged between 45-55 years visiting two branches of K-university hospital located in Seoul and Ansan of Kyunggi province were recruited from April to July, 2002. A menopause-specific quality-of-life questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire were used to measure menopause-related symptoms and the intake of 28 types of foods.

No differences were found in the levels of bothersome total menopausal symptoms, physical symptoms, psychosocial symptoms, and sexual symptoms according to the intake of each food. Only higher intake of fishes, seaweeds, and vegetable oils were inversely associated with bothersome levels of vasomotor symptoms. Women with higher intake of yellow-green vegetables and lower intake of coffee, confectionery, and processed foods reported lower hot flush rate.

The results suggest that higher intake of yellow-green vegetables and lower intake of coffee, confectionery and processed foods may relieve hot flushes. Further study needs to be pursued to study the relationship with nutrients of these foods and hot flushes.