Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Papers

Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children: Chai, Hyun-Yi , Choi, Mi-Young; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(5):630-642. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21096

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the interaction between mothers and preschool-age children and construct a structural equation model based on the factors identified.
Methods
The data were collected from the mothers of children aged three to six years enrolled in kindergartens in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, and Jeonbuk. A total of 328 questionnaires were used for the analysis. Analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0 programs.
Results
The child’s self-regulation (β = .42, p < .001) had the most significant influence on the interaction between mothers and preschool children, followed by the mother’s parenting stress (β = - .23, p = .008), social support (β = .17, p < .001), and the child’s active temperament (β = .15, p < .001). The child’s gender, emotional temperament, social temperament, and mother’s education level had indirect influences.
Conclusion
These results suggest that interventions considering the child’s temperament, mother’s parenting stress, and social support are required to promote the interaction between preschool-age children and mothers.

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Following 4 months of social distancing during COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil did not change aspects of functioning in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities: A longitudinal study
Beatriz Helena Brugnaro, Gesica Fernandes, Fabiana Nascimento Vieira, Silvia Letícia Pavão, Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira Rocha
Journal of Intellectual Disabilities.2024; 28(3): 773. CrossRef

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Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea: Hwang, Inju , Bang, Kyung-Sook; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(2):188-202. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20217

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to develop a program to promote obesity prevention behaviors for pre-schoolers and to confirm the effectiveness of the program in Korea.
Methods
The program comprised 8 sessions for 4 weeks including combined classroom lectures and physical activities. A non-equivalent control group pre-post test study design was used, and seventy two children, aged 5 to 6 years (experimental group: 33, control group: 39) and their parents participated in the study. To examine the effectiveness of the program, children’s knowledge, intake of sugar-added beverages and fruits & vegetables, time of outdoor play and screen time, and parental self-efficacy were measured. Data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN ver. 22.0 and R 4.0.2, using descriptive analysis, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, the independent t-test, and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results
The results showed that the experimental group reported significantly increased knowledge (p < .001) and longer time of outdoor play on weekends (p = .033). However, there were no significant differences in the intake of sugar-added beverages and fruits & vegetables, screen time, and parental self-efficacy in the two groups.
Conclusion
This study confirms the applicability of an obesity prevention intervention at kindergartens in Korea. The results can be used as basic data for the study of childhood obesity prevention in Korea.

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Development of health literacy education program for early childhood to prevent smoking hazards
Sangah Lee, Jiye Kim, Jiyoung Lee, Hyekyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(4): 55. CrossRef
The Let’s Eat Healthy and Move at School program for adolescents in South Korea: Program design, implementation, and evaluation plan using intervention mapping
Jiyoung Park, Gill A. Ten Hoor, Seolhyang Baek, Sochung Chung, Yang-Hyun Kim, Gahui Hwang
Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 225. CrossRef

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Review Article

Parental Factors Associated with Smartphone Overuse in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Lee, Gumhee , Kim, Sungjae , Yu, Heajin; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(3):349-368. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.19186

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to identify parental factors associated with smartphone overuse in preschoolers.
Methods
A systematic reviewwas conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2009 to June 2019 were identifiedthrough systematic search in 10 electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, Web of Science, NDSL, KISS, KMbase,KoreaMed, and RISS). Standardized effect sizes were calculated to quantify the associations of parental factors with smartphoneoveruse in preschoolers using meta-analysis.
Results
A total of 30 cross-sectional studies involving 7,943 participants met the inclusioncriteria. The following were negatively correlated with smartphone overuse in preschoolers: mother’s parenting self-efficacy (r =-.35),mother-child attachment (r =-.28), mother’s positive parenting behavior (r =-.28), mother’s positive parenting attitude (r =-.25), and father’sparenting involvement (r =-.15). Further, maternal factors such as smartphone addiction tendency (r =.41), parenting stress (r =.40), negativeparenting behavior (r =.35), negative parenting attitude (r =.14), smartphone usage time (r =.26), employment status (r =.18), and age(r =.12) were positively correlated with smartphone overuse in preschoolers.
Conclusion
Several parental factors influence smartphoneoveruse in preschoolers. These findings emphasize the need to assess and enhance the parental factors identified in this study to preventsmartphone overuse in preschoolers. Accordingly, we recommend the development of preventive interventions to strengthen parent-relatedprotective factors and mitigate risk factors.

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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMARTPHONE OVERDEPENDENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
Leyla Çakmak, Fikriye Aksoy Boğanak, Nurettin Menteş, Mustafa Volkan
Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi.2025; 7(1): 43. CrossRef
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Nur Hidaayah, Esti Yunitasari, Hanik Endang Nihayati
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Mudar Alwazzeh, Muhdammad Harfouch, Manal Ahmed Hasan, Safi Alqatari, Abir Hamad AlSaid, Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh
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Yoon Kyung Kim, Dongmee Lee, Ju Hee Park
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Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim
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Factors Related to Smartphone Overdependence in Mothers of Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gumhee Lee, Eunjin Yang
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Mediating Effects of Online-Based Leisure Between Parenting Attitudes and Children’s Smartphone Dependency
Yoonju Cho
Korean Journal of Child Studies.2021; 42(6): 695. CrossRef
Pathway from Maternal Parenting Efficacy, Inappropriate Motives for Allowing Smart Devices, and Smart Device Dependency to Preschoolers’ Ability to Understand Minds
Yun Mi Park, Min Ju Kang
Korean Journal of Child Studies.2020; 41(6): 9. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Development and Effects of Social Learning Theory Based Eye-Health Program for Preschoolers: Sunghwa Lee, Haejung Lee, Hyungsik Seo, Jaeho Jung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(4):407-418. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.4.407

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop an eye-health program based on social learning theory (EPST) of preschoolers and evaluate its effectiveness.

Methods

A nonequivalent control group pre-post test design was utilized and 141 six-year-old preschoolers and their parents participated (experimental group=69, control group=72) in the study. The EPST in this study included eye-health education and eye exercises. Attention, memory, replay, motivation, reinforcement, and self-efficacy were used as interventional strategies. To examine the effectiveness of EPST, proficiency in eye-health activities, refractive power, and visual acuity were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with SPSS WIN 21.0 using the Shapiro-Wilk test, χ ²-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

Following the intervention, eye-health activities, refractive power, and visual acuity significantly improved in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that EPST is effective in improving eye-health activities, refractive power, and visual acuity in preschoolers, and its wider implementation in educational institutions will promise improved eye-health among preschoolers.

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Effectiveness of Social Learning Theory Based Ecological Footprint Awareness Program in 60-72-Month-Old Children: A Randomized Controlled Study
Ayşe Sezer Balci, Kerime Öğüt Düzen, Vildan Yalçın
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A qualitative content analysis based on an extended parallel process model study of daycare center teacher behaviors concerning the eye health of preschool children
Il Tae Park, Gi Joong Kim
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Social cognitive theory-based health promotion in primary care practice: A scoping review
Kazi Faria Islam, Abdul Awal, Hoimonty Mazumder, Ummi Rukaiya Munni, Koushik Majumder, Kohinoor Afroz, Mustari Nailah Tabassum, M. Mahbub Hossain
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Jin Soon Kim, Ji Hye Choi, Myung Soon Kwon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(9): 3057. CrossRef

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Effects of Parenting Stress and Controlling Parenting Attitudes on Problem Behaviors of Preschool Children: Latent Growth Model Analysis: Jeong Won Han, Hanna Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):109-121. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.109

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model.

Methods

Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children (5^th~7^th survey panels).

Results

An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents’ intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: b=.21, p<.001; mother: b=.55, p<.001). In addition, the slopes for fathers’ parenting stress was the only aspect that affected the slopes for mothers’ parental control attitudes (b=.77, p<.001). Moreover, both the intercepts and slopes of parenting stress and parental control attitudes significantly affected the children's problem behaviors.

Conclusion

This study is significant as it provides longitudinal evidence of the impact of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on children's problem behaviors. The findings suggest that accurately assessing changes in parenting stress and parental control attitudes and developing intervention programs to reduce them will be effective in reducing problem behaviors in children.

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Patricia Trautmann-Villalba, Eva Heine, Angela Kribs, Katrin Mehler
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Mine Durmuşoğlu, Tülay İlhan İyi, Cansu Yıldız Taşdemir
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Jingjing Zhu, Shuhui Xiang, Yan Li
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Accident Proneness Prospect in Preschooler: Ja Hyoung Lee, Shin Jeong Kim, Jung Eun Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1998;28(3):662-675. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1998.28.3.662

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on preschool children of accident prevention and to improve their health through a sound, safe living environment with safety education established through more systematic methods. Data were collected from 516 preschoolers from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of a question and drawing. The children's general characteristics and accident proneness prospect were investigated. The relationship between the children's general characteristics and the accident proneness prospect were analyzed. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. The institution which children attended had a significant difference in accordance with the living safety(p=.015) and behavior character(p=.033). 2. The housing pattern in which children lived had a significant difference in accordance with the movement speed(p=.027). 3. The children's age had a significant difference in accordance with the living safety(p=.002), traffic safety(p=.001), the reasoning power(p=.000), movement speed(p=.00), movement stability(p=.000) and attentional power (p=.000). 4. The children's sex had a significant difference in accordance with the movement stability and behavioral character(p=.003, p=.008). 5. The children's past accidental experience had a significant difference in accordance with the behavior character(p=.001). 6. General assessment of the APP test had a significant difference in accordance with the children's age(p=.000) and children's past accidental experience(p=.020).

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The Degree of Injury Risk Perception in Preschool Children
Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sung-Hee Kim, Jung-Eun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(2): 68. CrossRef
The Validity and Reliability of Injury Risk Perception in Preschool Children
Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sung-Hee Kim, Yae-Young Kim, Jung-Eun Lee
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(2): 258. CrossRef

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Prevalence Rate and Factors of Myopia in Preschool Children: Shin Ja Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(2):390-398. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.2.390

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was aimed at providing basic data for developing a nursing intervention program which enables systematic and correct visual acuity care by discovering out visual acuity conditions, prevalence rate of myopia, and the factors related to myopia with Preschool children.

Method

The subjects of this study consisted of 519 children between 3 and 6 years of age from 12 kindergartens in Seoul which were selected through multiple cluster sampling. Myopia was defined as the spherical equivalent (SE) of more than -0.5 diopters (D) inthe right eye. The data was analyzed by t-test, 2-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression by using the SAS program.

Result

The prevalence rate of myopia was 8.7%. the odds ratio of child myopia when one parent had myopia was 2.2 times higher than when neither parent had myopia. The odds ratio of child myopia when reading more than three books per week was 0.27 times higher than reading less than three books.

Conclusion

Myopia should be continuously and intensively managed from the age of 3

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To Compare and Analyze Refractive Error Before and After COVID-19 in Teenagers: Focusing on Jeonbuk Region
Sun-Mi Lee, Jung-Hee Kim
The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2023; 25(3): 283. CrossRef
Health Status of Vulnerable Preschool Children and Their Mothers' Health Management.
Young Sil Kang, In Soo Kwon
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Development and Evaluation of a Combined Health Promotion Program for Preschool Children
Na Young Choi, Mi Yang Jeon, Hyun Mi Seo, Jeong Won Seok, Mi Seon Kim, Hyeon Cheol Jeong
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Prevalence of amblyopia and other vision disorders in young Newfoundland and Labrador children
James R. Drover, Patrick G. Kean, Mary L. Courage, Russell J. Adams
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology.2008; 43(1): 89. CrossRef

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Health Education Program Development for Infants, Toddlers and Preschool Children: Ja Hyung Lee, Il Ok Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(2):262-269. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.2.262

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a health education program for child care workers of infants, toddlers and preschoolers to improve their care ability. The program provided child care teachers and children with information on how to take care of their health.

Method

This program development was based on a systematic design of instruction by Dick & Carey(1996). The process included a review of literature, setting an instructional goal, getting advice from various experts, designing instruction and instructional medias, designing formative evaluation, revising the program and making a summative evaluations.

Result

The products of this program were the ‘ Teachers Guide Book & CD-ROM.” The guide book included health education programs for infants, toddlers and preschoolers. The infant program included a basic baby care program for teachers. The toddlers and preschoolers program included basic health promotion, dental health, nutrition management, communicable disease prevention, substance abuse prevention and a safety program.

Conclusion

These programs provided a systematic content of health education for children andtheir teachers, and useful data which can be applied to child care centers.

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The Effects of Negative Emotionality in Toddlers, Mothers' Perceptions of Sleep Problems, and Co-Sleeping on Sleep Problems in Toddlers
SeulKi Lee, SunHee Ann
Journal of Families and Better Life.2021; 39(3): 53. CrossRef
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Jeongyee Bae, Rosel L. Panuncio, Haesook Sohn
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Effects of Dental Health Education on Dental Health Knowledge and Dental Hygiene Status in Preschoolers
Young-Mee Ahn, Jung-Mi Yun, Hyun-Hwa Kim, Min-Young Seo, Mi-Kyung Yeom
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2009; 15(2): 201. CrossRef

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Health Problems and Health Behaviors of Preschoolers: Hee Soon Kim, Chung Yul Lee, Tae Wha Lee, Ok Kyung Ham; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(1):182-190. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.1.182

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was conducted to understand the health status and health behaviors of preschoolers to provide baseline data for developing health promotion programs.

Method

Parents of children attending day-care centers were recruited for the study. Participating day-care centers were selected using a stratified sampling method. Data was collected from June to August 2002 using a questionnaire.

Result

Among 754 preschoolers, 17.3% were overweight, while 18.2% were underweight. The most frequent infectious diseases that children have had previously were hand-foot-mouth disease (20.2%) and chicken pox (18.7%). Current health conditions that children have frequently are respiratory disease (28%) and atopic dermatitis (23.8%). Only 61% brush their teeth everyday at bedtime, 54.3% wash their hands every time after returning home, 8.8% wear bicycle helmets, 9.3% use a child car seat, and 8.1% eat fruits and vegetables five times a day. Children residing in the metropolitan area were more likely to have positive health behaviors, and children of parents with an advanced college level education were more likely to have positive health behaviors than those with only a high school level education.

Conclusion

Based on the study results, health professionals could plan and develop health promotion programs to change unhealthy behaviors of preschoolers targeting high-risk groups.

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Review Article

An Integrative Review of Home Care Service for Pregnant Women, Mothers, Infants, and Toddlers in Vulnerable Group: Dasom Kim, Insook Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(5):577-588. Published online January 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.5.577

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study was intended to integrate the evidence of home care service intervention for mothers and children in vulnerable groups through an integrative literature review.

Methods

We searched the MEDLINE (PubMED), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, DBpia databases. The quality of the articles was assessed by one doctoral researcher and verified by one professor of community health nursing who had participated in the systematic review of literature. A framework was developed to identify the intervention patterns in the selected papers and categorize various elements. The extracted intervention elements were grouped into potential themes, which were verified by assessors on whether they clearly reflected the interventions in the papers.

Results

Among 878 searched papers, we selected 16 papers after excluding literature that does not satisfy the selection criteria and quality evaluation. The intervention elements of 16 selected papers were categorized into six themes. The extracted intervention elements were divided into the themes of Patient-specific/Situation-specific care planning and intervention, Emphasis on self care competency, Intense home visit by developmental milestone, Reinforcing and modeling mother-child attachment, Communication and interaction across the intervention, Linkage with community resource and multidisciplinary approach.

Conclusion

As a result of the analysis of proper interventions of home care services for mothers and children in vulnerable groups, it was found that it is necessary to consider indispensable intervention elements that can standardize the quality of home care services, and conduct studies on developing intervention programs based on the elements.

Citations

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Prenatal nursing intervention studies published in Korean nursing journals: a scoping review
Seo Yun Kim, Hae Won Kim
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2020; 26(2): 109. CrossRef
Adaptation to Motherhood in Central Asian-Korean Immigrants to Korea: A Grounded Theory Study
Su Hyun Kim, Hyang-In Cho Chung
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(6): 677. CrossRef
An Integrative Review of Intervention for School-bullying Perpetrators
Yul-mai Song, Moonju Song, Sunah Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2018; 27(4): 355. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Development and Effects of a Drinking Prevention Program for Preschool Children: Younkyoung Kim, Chong Mi Lee, Jong Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(2):183-193. Published online April 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.2.183

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the program to promote drinking knowledge, attitudes, and coping behavior in preschool children.

Methods

A quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted. The participants were 123 five year old children from G city. They were assigned to the experimental group (n=77) or the control group (n=46). A pretest and posttest were conducted to measure main variables. For the experimental group, the drinking prevention program was given for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using χ²-test, t-test, and ANCOVA.

Results

After the intervention, preschool children in the experimental group reported significant differences in drinking knowledge (F=9.25, p=.003), drinking attitudes (F=19.57, p<.001), and coping behavior (F=16.38, p<.001) compared to preschool children in the control group.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that a drinking prevention program for preschool children is effective in increasing drinking knowledge, attitudes, and coping behavior. This drinking prevention program is recommended as an effective intervention for preschool age children to postpone an early introduction to drinking.

Citations

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Development of a Web-Based Alcohol Prevention Program Linking School-Child-Family for Intermediate Elementary Students
Younkyoung Kim, Chong Mi Lee, Seo Young Kang, Hyunju Yang
Journal of Health Communication.2023; 28(2): 102. CrossRef
Effects of a web‐based alcohol drinking prevention program linking school‐to‐home in elementary students
Younkyoung Kim, Chong Mi Lee, Seo Young Kang
Public Health Nursing.2022; 39(2): 472. CrossRef

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Development of a Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Scale: Sung-Hee Park, Kyung-Sook Bang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(1):59-68. Published online February 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.1.59

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to develop the self-report Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Scale (MPIS) for mothers of preschool children.

Methods

The scale was based on items derived from literature review and in-depth interviews. A methodological study was used to check reliability and validity and participants were 334 mothers of preschool children enrolled in kindergarten or nursery. Data were analyzed using principal component factor analysis for construct validity, t-test for contrasted group validity, Pearson correlation for criterion related validity and test-retest reliability and Cronbach's α for reliability.

Results

In the final MPIS 34 items identified through factor analysis were included, 6 constructs were derived, and explanatory power was 64.2%. Items on the MPIS were verified through correlation with the interaction observation scale of Kim & Mahoney and MPIS. Results were significant as mothers in the normal group exhibited MPIS scores that were significantly higher than those of mothers in the depressed group. Reliability of MPIS was .96 and test-retest reliability was .92.

Conclusion

MPIS has the advantage of being easy to use, economical, and useful. Consequently, it is expected to be used as a screening tool for promptly and simply identifying the mother-preschool child interaction in diverse nursing practice and research.

Citations

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Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630. CrossRef
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Young Mee Ahn, Sangmi Lee
Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 468. CrossRef
Parenting Stress and Maternal–Child Interactions Among Preschool Mothers From the Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative Study
Yong-Sook Eo, Ji-Soo Kim
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Mee Kyung Kim, Hyang Mi Jung
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Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 383. CrossRef
Relationship between Preschool Child-Mother Interaction, Child's Health Status, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Social Development.
Sunghee Park
Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(4): 255. CrossRef

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Effect of a Tooth-brushing Education Program on Oral Health of Preschool Children: Bok-Hee Kang, Sun-Nam Park, Kyeong-Yae Sohng, Jung-Soon Moon; J Korean Acad Nurs 2008;38(6):914-922. Published online December 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.6.914

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To examine the effect of tooth-brushing education on the oral health of preschoolers.

Methods

A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group was used. Two kindergartens were selected and 39 preschoolers from one kindergarten were assigned to the experimental group with tooth-brushing education and 39 from the other kindergarten to the control group. The tooth-brushing education program included 1 session on oral health education, individual tooth-brushing instruction for 1 week and supervised tooth-brushing after lunch for 4 weeks. Oral health behavior including use of tooth paste, tooth-brushing time and method of tooth-brushing, plague, streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus and dental caries were measured before and after the education. Fisher's exact test, t-test and paired t-test with the Window SAS 9.1 program were used to analyze the data.

Results

A significant increase in the use of tooth paste, tooth-brushing time and the practice of correct tooth-brushing and a decrease in plague and development of dental caries were observed in the experimental group.

Conclusion

This tooth-brushing education was partially effective in improving oral health of preschoolers.

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