This study investigated the effect of supportive nursing care including modified guided imagery on the discomfort, self-esteem, erythrocyte semdimentation rate(ESR) and quality of life(O.L.) in persons with rheumatoid arthritis(R.A.). The purpose was to contribute to the development of theoretical nursing care to enhance the Q.L. of persons with chronic illness. From Nov. 22, 1990 to May 2, 1991, 49 patients registered at a rheumatic clinic at one general hospital in Seoul, were accepted according to the research criteria as subjects for this study. Among these, 26 were selected for an experimental group to be treated with an interpersonal interview and modified guided imagery, the, other 23 became the control group not treated for the purpose of measuring and comparing the effect of the treatment. Statistical analysis was done by a SAS program for X2-test, unpaired t-test, Person correlation coefficients and factor analysis. The results were as follows : 1. The pre-experimental discomfort level of the total subject group averaged 25.42 (S.D.=8.77), and the difference between the pre/post experimental discomfort levels of the two groups was not statistically significant. 2. The pre-experimental self-esteem scores of the total subject group averaged 27.48 (S.D.=3.95), and the difference between the pre/post experimental self-esteem scores of the two group was not statistically significant. 3. The pre-experimental Q.L. scores of the total subject group averaged 28.70 (S.D.=5.99), and the difference between the pre/post experimental Q.L. score of the two groups was statistically significant (t=2.1748, df=47, p=.0347). 4. The pre-experimental mean of the ESR of the total subject group was 34.48 S.D.=19.50)mm, and the difference between the pre/post experimental ESR scores of the two groups was not statistically significant. 5. The Family support scores of the total subject group averaged 41.28(S.D.=10.27). 6. The total subject group Q.L. score was correlated with self-esteem score(r=.3984, p=.0046). In this study, supportive nursing care including modified guided imagery increased the quality of life scores for this group of persons with R.A. significantly. So the concept of supportive nursing care of this study may be effective in enhancing the quality of life persons with chronic illness. Further investigations related to the methodology and with other groups of clients was recommended.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of discomfort, self-esteem, personality and life-satisfaction in persons with rheumatoid arthritis and to provide basic data to help them attain a better quality of life. From Jan. 27 to Feb. 24, 1988, 53 patients, registered at a rheumatic clinic at one general hospital in Seoul, were accepted as subjects for this study. The instruments used for this study were a discomfort scale and life-satisfaction scale developed by the researcher, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and Wallston and Wallston's Multidimensional Health Locus of Control(MEILC) Scale. The reliability of the scales were tested by Cronsbach's alpha. The collected data were analyzed by the SAS program using unpaired t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficients. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant difference in the subjects perceived discomfort level(t=-3.49, p=0.0010) between the onset of the disease(14.87+/-9.02) and the present(19.87+/-8.44). 2. There was a significant correlation between the MHLC-internal score and the MHLC-chance score(r=-0.4366, p=0.0011). 3. The findings related to the demographic variables regarding the MHLC scores were as follows : 1) Regarding sex, there was a significant difference for the MHLC-internal score(t=4.2572, df=15.2, p=0.0007) between male(32.13+/-2.47) and female(27.56+/-2.85) was lower(t=3.1539, df=21.8, p=0.0047) than for female(19.47+/-6.29). 2) Regarding educational background, the MHLC-chance score for the below-high school group(20.52+/-5.81) was higher(t=2.5450, df=51.0, p=0.0140) than the college graduate group(16.41+/-5.76). 4. The average Self-esteem score was 26.87(S.D.=5.29) and there was a significant correlation between the Self-esteem score and the MHLC-chance score(r=0.3122, p=0.0026). 5. It was found that the subjects' Discomfort score(r=-0.3788, p=0.0051) and the Life-satisfaction score(r=-0.3570, p=0.0087). It was also found that subjects' Self-esteem score was correlated with the Life-satisfaction score(r=0.4474, p=0.0008).

This study was designed and undertaken to identify the degree of burden and depression in family caregivers of patients with stroke and to determine whether burden was directly related to depression. The data were collected from October 23th to November 20th, 1995. The subjects in this study were 80 caregivers, that is, one family member and 80 patients with stroke who were hospitalized in one oriental medicine hospital located in Taejon City. The questionnaires consisted of questions regarding burden(13 item, 6 point scale) and depression(20 item, 4 point scale). Data were analyzed using percentages, means, t-test, ANOVA and Peason-correlation coefficients, done with the SAS program. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The score for family caregiver's burden was higher than the mid level for the 13 items. 2. The score for of family caregiver's depression was relatively low. 3. The relationship between burden and depression showed a significant inverse correlation. 4. In the relationships between total burden and general characteristics of the family caregivers; there were no significant differences. But, in the relationship between objective burden and general characteristics of the family caregivers; age and education had statistically significant differences. That is, the 40's group felt more objective burden than any other age group and the high education group more than the illiterate group. 5. In the relationship between depression and general characteristics of the family caregivers; sex, education and monthly income had statistically significant differences. That is, female caregivers felt more depression than males, and the lower the level of education and the lower the monthly income, the higher the degree of depression. 6. In the relationships between burden and general charateristics of the stroke patients, only subjective burden according to the patients' sex was significantly different. That is, caregivers felt more subjective burden when caring for male patients than for female patients. 7. In the relationships between depression and general charateristics of the stroke patients, only the patients' economic status showed a statistically significant difference. That is, caregivers felt more depression in case of patients' low economic status.

Nursing literature suggests that the self-concept of nurses gives an important implications to educators and administrators as well as clinicians for their professional development. With a view to ex ploring how nurses view themselves, the Professional Self-Concept of Nurses Instrument (PSCNI) using 27 Likert items was developed by Arthur in Australia in 1990. This study is an extension of the PSCNI using Korean samples with some modifications. A convenience sample was drawn from 800 nurses working in three university hospitals in Seoul; three university hospitals in Kyonggi-do and a university hospital and a psychiatric hospital in Kangwon-do. Seven hundred questionnaires were analyzed using the statistical analysis system(SAS). The reliability of the scale was tested by test-retest and Cronbach's alpha. Differences in the PSCNI, which are closely related to demographic variables, were examined by t-test, ANOVA and the Duncan's multiple range test. Factor analysis was employed so as to examine component factors. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The test-retest reliability of the PSCNI was .79 and Cronbach's alpha was .85. Item correlations with total revealed consistent correlations and subscale reliability varied from .49 to .85. 2. The average score of PSCNI was 75.21 and average item score was 2.79. 3. Twenty four items were derived from the PSCNI 27 items and these items clustered in three component factors. The cumulative percent of variance was 38.12% and for factor 1 was 22.81%, for factor 2, 9.79% and for factor 3, 5.51% respectively. 4. A comparison of the scores for the dimensions of the PSCNI shows a relative difference in terms of mean item scores and in decending order, professional practice (m=2.83), communication (m=2.82) and satisfaction (m=2.70). 5. Professional self-concept of nurses was found to vary significantly according to age(P=.0001), re-ligion (P=,0001), academic background(P= .0109), marital status (P=. 0001), career (P= . 0001) and position (P=. 0001). In conclusion, there was a correlation between professional self-concept of nurses, and life and work variables. This study provides an important message for administrators and nurse educators by highlighting factors which can be addressed by education programs, staff development and appraisal. While the test results largely confirm the Australian and Canadian tests, further research is necessary to improve the cumulative percent of variance instead of applying Arthur's PSCNI directly to Korean nurses.

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This study was designed to analyze the research methodology and the key concepts used in articles published in each nursing journal of seven branches of the Korean Academy of Nursing. The purpose of this study was for reflecting the trends of nursing research and suggesting the direction of future nursing research in Korea. One thousand three hundred seventy two articles published in seven nursing journals from the beginning year of 2000 were analyzed. The prevailing research designs for these journals were the non-experimental design ranging from 54.3% to 75.7%, the experimental design ranging from 6.2% to 30.4%, and qualitative research design ranging from 3.7% to 10.6%. Research subjects were 10.0% to 46.0% for clients with health problems, 2.1% to 42.4% for generally healthy persons, 1.4% to 43.9% for primary care-givers, 7.0% to 53.5% for nurses or nursing students, and 3.1% to 7.3% for health organizations or nursing organizations. The data collection method used most often self-report questionnaires using psychosocial measures. Interviewing methods and physiologic measures were used relatively few times. The domains of the key concepts that prevailed was personal domain and health domain. This study has the limitation of focusing on only the superficial structural analysis rather than in-depth content analysis of each article. However, this study is the first study for reflecting the trends of nursing research based on each journal of seven branches of the Korean Academy of Nursing.

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This study was conducted to explore the nurse's perception of technological development and professional self-concept. The research subjects were 560 clinical nurses in Korea, who worked the general hospitals in Seoul, Kyeonggi, and the Kangwon province. Data sampling was done for the month, of December. 1997. The research tool consisted of 82 items questionnaires which were demographic data, TIQ, PSCNI. The research findings were as follows: 1. Nurses perceived the technological development as slightly positive (Mean =48.8). Also, nurses saw that the fastest developing technological nursing unit was the cardiac care unit, while the lowest technological developing nursing unit was the psychiatric unit. 2. The view of technological development was found to be significantly different according to religion (P=.0109), marital status (P=.0431), and the practical setting (P=.0048). Professional self concept was significantly different according to age (P=.0001), religion (P=.0001), education (P=.0007), marital status (P=.0000), career (P=.0001), and position (P=.0000). 3. The relationship between a nurse's perception of technological development and professional self-concept was highly correlated(r=.26, P=.0001). In the results of the multiple regression, the factors influencing professional self-concept were career, the nurse's perception of technological development,the level of technological development in nursing unit, and education. All these parameters showed the explaining power of 15.4% of the professional self-concept. In conclusion, nurses recognized the technological development was related to the professional self-concept. This study shed light on the meaning of technological development and vision of the nursing profession. Inservice education program should be developed to help the adaptability to technological development and conduct the qualitative research to explore the world of technological development which the nurses are experiencing in nursing.

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Although healthy lifestyle have been proved as an effective way of improving higher well-beings for individuals, researches on health -promoting behaviors of minority elderly with a specific ethnic heritage have been sparsely tried. This study was designed to explore health-promoting lifestyle patterns of Korean immigrant elderly living in Seattle. USA and its relationships with two associated elderly were recruited from two senior centers and interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from October 1998 to January 1999, and analyzed using SPSS program through which t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients were tested. As the results, the mean HPLP score of the Korean immigrant elderly was 2.54 (SD =.36), showing significant differences by education (F=3.61, P=.016), economic status (F=3.01, P=.034), and current health status (F=3.69, P=.008). In self-esteem, two socioecomic variables showed statistical association with self-esteem; martial status (t= 2.47, P=.015) and living situation (F= 4.03, P= .021). The HPLP subscales that showed higher mean scores were nutrition (M=3.01, SD= .52) and interpersonal support (M= 2.65, SD= .47) while lower mean scores were detected in the domain of excercise (M= 1.92, SD= .74) and stress management (M= 2.26, SD= .47). Perceived health status revealed significant positive correlation with health-promoting lifestyle patterns (r= .19, P=.043) and self-esteem (r= .19, P= .043) and self-esteem (r= .32, P= .001) in the present study. It is concluded that engagement in health-promoting lifestyle patterns should be actively encouraged to enhance personal health of Korean immigrant elderly. Developing health promotion programs focused on exercise and stress management is also imperatively suggested not only for better health practices of Korean immigrant elderly population but also for enhancing their level of well-beings and life satisfaction.

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop and examine the effects of a self-management program (SMP) on physical, psychological functions, and symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). METHODS: In a two-group pre-and post-test design, a total of 40 patients were assigned to the experimental group(21) or the control group (19). The experimental group received eight weekly 2-hour sessions for 10-15 literate adults of all ages, while the control group did not receive any intervention. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant improvements in muscle strength, balance, self-efficacy, depression, quality of life(QL), quality of sleep, and discomfort of constipation. It also reduced the number of participants using assistive walking devices. There were no significant changes in fear of falling and duration of sleep. CONCLUSION: The eight week SMP in patients with PD was found to be significantly effective in enhancing muscle strength, balance, self-efficacy, QL, and quality of sleep. It also decreased depression, discomfort of constipation, and assistive walking devices. These results suggest that a SMP can have effects on physical, psychological functions and symptoms in patients with PD. Further research with a larger sample and for a longer follow up period is needed to expand our understanding of the effects of a SMP for patients with PD.

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Community-based centres were surveyed to determine the frequency of and risk factors for falls among elderly Koreans. We examined fall-related risk factors, including physiological and physical health, psychosocial functions, self-reported physical capacity and activity, vision, and the use of medication, among 351 elderly people aged 65 years or older, with ambulatory. Forty-two per cent of elderly Korean subjects reported at least one episode of falling in the previous 12 months, 38% of whom had consequences that required either the attention of a physician or hospitalization.

Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of falling were a restricted activity during the previous five years (adjusted OR 1.3), use of alternative therapy (adjusted OR 2.7), low knee flexor and extensor-muscle strength (adjusted OR 1.21 and 1.20), and poor balance with closed eyes (adjusted OR 8.32).

We conclude that falls among older persons living in the community are common in Korea and that indicator of bad health and frailty or variables directly related to neuromuscular impairment are significant predictors of the risk of falling.

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