This study was aimed to observe the incidences and types of hospital infections and to compare the length of hospitalization and of the operation between the infected patients and those of non-infected after the operations. The subject of study were 465 patients who had been operated surgically in a University Hospital from March 1 to April 30, 1985. The data were clected by reviewing medical charts of subjects. The criteria to diagnose hospital infection for this study had been revised the one utilized at University of Virginia Hospital in the U.S. Summary of the results were as follows; 1. The incidence rate of hospital infection was 6 %. The type of infection with higher incidence rate in order were wound infection(28.5%) urinary infection(28.5%), fever of unknown origin (25%) and septicemia (18%). 2. There was a statistically significant difference in the duration of hospitalization between the patient group without it (t=265.2, p<0.005). 3. There was a statistically significant difference in the duration of operation between the patient group with it (t=75.0, p<0.005).

Hospital Bacterial cultures of the transfer forceps, 4"*4" mesh gauzes and polluted air of nursing units of general surgery, internal medicine, gynecology and pediatrics of S.N.U.H. were carried on for 5 consecutive days (from nth to 21st August, 1972) to investigate the degree of contamination of such instruments which were used in dressing the patients. 1. The average hospitalized patients for each nursing unit were 24 persons. 2. The frequency of dressing, and using forceps and gauzes in surgical nursing unit were 25,316 and 66 times respectively. Actually the forceps were used most frequently. There was no dressing in the nursing unit of internal medine. 3. Most of dressing were carried on from 11 : 00 to 13 : 59 o'clock. 4. Averagely 121. 5 persons passed throught each nursing unit. 549 visitors dropped in the nursing unit of gynecology in maximun, and 219 visitors in the nursing of internal medicine in minimun. The visitors rushed in from 11 : 00 to 13 '. 59 o'clock to he 142. 5 persons for each nursing unit in average. 5. Colony counts after the bacterial cultures of the forceps and gauzes disclosed 1098. 44 and 704. 51 per plate respectively. 6. The degree of contamination was paralled to the duration and frequency of dressings. 7. The degree of contanination of the instruments was severest in the nursingunit of internal medicine, and least in the nursing unit of gynecology. On the matter of gauze, the contamination was most extreme in the pediatric nursing unit. 8. There was no significant daily differences in terms of contamination throughout the week. 9. It was disclosed that empty forceps jars were less contaminated than the jars with solution of any kind. 10. Bacterial cultures of the polluted air in corridor showed 73,88 colony counts per plate.

Much has been changed in the field of hospital administration In the wake of the rapid development of sciences, tedmiques and systematic hospital manage- ment. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial sup- port in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nur- sing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardiza- ion and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through inve- stigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected from amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obt- ained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nur- sing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritically adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals wer chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 12 religious hospitals with medical rare, charily and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purp- oses of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of me- dical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing techn- ical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have gr- aduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 per cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent; therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nu- rsing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are from nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided accor- ding to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals.The general purp- oses of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and edu- cation. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper ope- rational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in alm- ost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surb- odinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory commit- tees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self-regulating commi- ttee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being performed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, the medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national or public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been rece- ntly increasing, the nursing services have consequently been overloaded, sacrif- icing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides, The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing services are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hyginic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent.The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage, up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemp- loyment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a deep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and establish- ed. It has been noted that on-the-job nurses' training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services' activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per cent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regul- ations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospit- als they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory com- mittees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appro- priate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensur- ing more efificent services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated; approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursi- ng diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in-service educ- ation. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing servces. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budg- ets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing adminis- tration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about im- proved per formances and activities in nursing services.

This study was conducted to develop a model of a fee schedule for nursing services. Regardless of the demand for skilled and professional nursing service today, the Korean health insurance system does not furnish a chapter tor the nursing service fee schedule. A nation-wide survey of hospital nursing service fee schedules was to provide practical and realistic data about how the variety of nursing services are being charged. From September 1990 to April 1991, data from the fee schedule used by twenty hospitals located in eight large cities which are designated large medical regions in the Korea Health Care and Patient Referral System were collected. Nursing services and the fees charged for them were analyzed. The nursing services were subjected to a secondary analysis with referrence to reports on "nursing services to be charged in Korea". The total mumber of nursing services recommended by the literatures was 177; finally 141 types of nursing services were selected by investigator as chargable nursing services. In addition, data on managerial characteristics of the hospitals were collected to discover influential variables for a nursing fee schedule model. Under the assumption that all the managerial characteristics of the hospitals influenced the fee schedule, the following model was tested: Fee of nursing services(C)=f(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8) When, A1=number of nurses A2=the first salary of a nurse educated in a four year A3=scale of nursing management division A4= location of the hospital A5=the type of hospital management (profit/non-profit) A6=number of hospital beds A7=years of hospital operation A8=number and kinds of clinical divisions The results showed that the model should be built as follows: C=f (A1. A4. A5) Each nursing service was applied to the fee schedule with consideration for the professional level and time-taken to provide the services. Detailed fee schedules were presented in the related tables. Of the 141 kinds of nursing services, 24.8% were chargeble to the Korea Health Insurance, 32.6% of the nursing services were being paid directly by the patienty. The rest of nursing services(42.6%) were not being charged to any source. It was recornmened that the Korea Health Insurance Reimbursement system should add a classification system for nursing services that can be used in the national health care program. Further study is needed about how to include 32.6% of the nursing services now being paid for directly by the patients in the health insurance system.

This study investigated a process to estimate the need for nursing staff on the basis of a patient classification system and the required care needs and activities. The investigation was carried out in the following four steps. Step 1. Patients were classified according to the amount of nursing care need on each shift as class I(mildly ill), class II (moderately ill), class III (acutely ill), and class IV (critically ill). Step 2. Measurement of the direct nursing care hours needed for each patient class, and measurement of indirect nursing care hours and personal time of the nursing staff. Step 3. Calculation of the total nursing workload in a nursing nuit. Step 4. Estimation of the nursing staff needed. The investigation was carried out from July 17th to 30th, during 24hours over other day. The subjects were the patients and the nursing staff on two units of Seoul National University Hospital, Korea. Some of the results from the investigation are as follows : 1) Distribution of patient classification On the neuro surgical(N.S.), the distribution was class I, 22 patients, class II, 27 patients, class III, 26 patients, and class IV, 25 patients, For the orthopedic surgical unit (O.S.), it was class I, 43 patients, class II, 43 patients, class III, patients, and class IV, 3 patients. 2) Direct nursing care hours per day On the N.S. unit, 3.2 hours of direct nursing care were needed for class I, 3.9 hours for class II, 5.1 hours of class III, and 6.2 hours for class IV patients, while 2.0 hours for class I, 2.5 hours for class II, 3.5 hours for class III, 5.0 hours class IV patients were needed on the O.S. units. 3) Analysis of direct nursing care activities Activities were classified into assessment and observation(47%), medication(38.7%), communication(5.1%), exercise(2.4%), elimination and irrigation(1.3%), treatment(1.1%), hygiene(0.8%), nutrition(0.8%), and hot and cold compress(0.1%). 4) Average hours of indirect nursing care per day. On the N.S. unit 4.2 hours, and on the O.S. unit, 3.5 hours of RN indirect care was needed. 5) The average personal time used by the of nursing staff was 17 minutes for both RNs and nursing assistants in the N.S. unit, and 32 minutes for both RNs and nursing assistants in the O.S. unit. 6) Estimation of nursing staff needed on two specialized units of a university hospital For the N.S. nursing unit of 43 beds, 31 nursing staff would be indicated. For the O.S. nursing unit of the same number of beds, 19 nursing staff would be indicted.

In this study nursing activities were examined to determine the nursing cost. A professional nursing group developed a tool for the investigation. 128 nursing activities were identified by the tool in 16 nursing care areas as referenced in the literature. Each activity was examined for four essential factors to define nursing cost ; time consumed for the care, level of professional skill, degree of independency and performer of the care. The activity was rated by a five point Likert scale. The investigation was conducted with the nursing staffing working in the 21 university hospitals in Korea and having more than four years experience especially in medical or surgical wards. The participating nursing staff were screened on the basic of the recommendation of the nursing director. The data were gathered from June 12th to August 12th, 1989. All the data were analyzed for mean, standard deviation, percent, and correlation coefficients between items. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Direct nursing care was classified into 16 large areas and 128 small activities. 2. No significant correlation was found between the study items of each activity. 3. Among 128 nursing activities, Those performed less than 50% of the time by a nurse were excluded from the nursing cost. Also excluded activities which were given less than 9 marks in all three items, time consumed, level of professional skill, and degree of independency. As a result, 83 activities in 14 nursing care areas were selected for the proposal to estimate nursing cost.

The study was conceived in relation to a concern over the growing gap between the needs of chronic patients and the availability of care from the current health care system in Korea. Patients with agonizing chronic pain, discomfort, despair and disability are left with helplessly unprepared families with little help from the acute care oriented health care system after discharge from hospital. There is a great need for the development of an alternative means of quality care that is economically feasible and culturally adaptable to our society. Thus, the study was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of home health care as an alternative to bridge the existing gap between the patients' needs and the current practice of health care. The study specifically purports to test the effects of home care on health expenditure, readmission, job retention, compliance to health care regime, general conditions, complications, and self-care knowledge and practices. The study was guided by the operations research method advocated by the Primary Health Care Operations Research Institute(PRICOR) which constitutes 3 stages of research : namely, problems analysis solution development, and solution validation. The first step in the operations research was field preparation to develop the necessary consensus and cooperation. This was done through the formation of a consulting body at the hospital and a steering committee among the researchers. For the stage of problem analysis, the Annual Report of Seoul National University Hospital and the patients records for last 5 years were reviewed and selective patient interviews were conducted to find out the magnitude of chronic health problems and areas of unmect health care needs to finally decide on the kinds of health problems to study. On the basis of problem analysis, the solution development stage was devoted to home care program development as a solution alternative. Assessment tools, teaching guidelines and care protocols were developed and tested for their validity. The final stage was the stage of experimentation and evaluation. Patients with liver diseases, hemiplegic and diabetic conditions were selected as study samples. Discharge evaluation, follow up home care, measurement and evaluation were carried out according to the protocols of care and measurement plan for each patient for the period of 6 months after discharge. The study was carried out for the period from Jan. 1987 to Dec. 1989. The following are the results of the study presented according to the hypothesis set forth for the study : 1. Total expenditures for the period of study were not reduced for the experimental group, however, since the cost per hospital visit is about 4 times as great as the cost per home visit, the effect of cost saving by home care will become a reality as home care replaces part of the hospital visits. 2. The effect on the rate of readmission and job retention was found to be statistically nonsignificant though the number of readmission was less among the experimental group receiving home care. 3. The effect on compliance to the health care regime was found to be statistically significant at the 5% level for hepatopathic and diabetic patients. 4. Education on diet, rest and exercise, and medication through home care had an effect on improved liver function test scores, prevention of complications and self-care knowledge in hepatopathic patients at a statistically significant level. 5. In hemiplegic patient, home care had an effect on increased grasping power at a significant level. However, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the level of compliance, prevention of complications or in self-care practices. 6. In diabetic patients, there was no difference between the experimental and control groups in scores of laboratory tests, appearance of complications, and self-care practices. The above findings indicate that a home care program instituted for such short term as 6 months period could not totally demonstrate its effectiveness at a statistically significant level by quantitative analysis however, what was shown in part in this analysis, and in the continuous consultation sought by those who had been in the experimental group, is that home health care has a great potential in retarding or preventing pathological progress, facilitating rehabilitative and productive life, and improving quality of life by adding comfort, confidence and strength to patients and their families. For the further studies of this kind with chronic patients it is recommended that a sample of newly diagnosed patients be followed up for a longer period of time with more frequent observations to demonstrate a more clear-cut picture of the effectiveness of home care.

A cost analysis for hospitalized patients was camied out based upon Patient Classification System (PCS) in order to determine an appropriate nursing fee. The data were collected from 21 nursing units of three teaching hospitals from April 1 to June 30, 1989. First, all of the 22,056 inpatients were classified into mildly ill (Class I), moderately ill (Class II), acutely ill (Class III), and critically ill (Class IV) by the PCS which had been carefully developed to be suitable for the Korean nursing units. Second, PCS cost accounting was applied to the above data. The distribution of inpatients, nursing costs, and nursing productivity were as follows : 1) Patient distribution ranged from 45% to class I, 36% to class II, 15% to class III, and 4% to class IV, the proportion of class IV in 'H' Hospital was greater than that of the other two hospitals. 2) The proportion of Class III and IV in the medical nursing units was greater than that of surgical nursing units. 3) The number of inpatients was greatest on Tusedays, and least on Sundays. 4) The average nursing cost per hour was W 3,16 4 for 'S' hospital, W 3,511 for 'H' hospital and W 4, 824 for 'K'hospital. The average nursing cost per patient per day was W 14,126 for 'S' hospital, W 15, 842 for 'H' hospital and W 21,525 for 'K' hospital. 5) The average nursing cost calculated by the PCS was W 13,232 for class I, W 18,479 for class II, W 23,000 for class III, and W 25,469 for class IV. 6) The average nursing cost for the medical and surgical nursing units was W 13,180 and W 13,303 respectively for class I. W 18.248 and W 18.707 for class II, W 22,303 and W 23,696 for class III, and W 24,331 and W 26.606 for class IV . 7) The nursing costs were composed of 85% for wages and fringe benefits, 3% for material supplies and 12% for overhead. The proportion of wages and fringe benefits among the three hospitals ranged from 75%, 92% and 98% for the 'S', 'H', 'K' hospitals respectively, These findings explain why the average nursing cost of 'K' hospital was higher than the others. 8) According to a multi- regression analysis, wages and fringe benefits, material supplies, and overhead had an equal influence on determining the nursing cost while the nursmg hours had less influence. 9) The productivity of the medical nursing units were higher than the surgical nursing units, productivity of the D (TS) -nursing unit was the lowest while the K (Med)-nursing unit was the highest in 'S' hospital. In 'H" hospital, productivity was related to the number of inpatients rather than to the characte ristics of the nursing units. The 'K' hospital showed the same trend as 'S' hospital, that the productivity of the medical nursing unit was higher than the sur gical nursing unit. The productivity of 'S' hospital was evaluated the highest followed by 'H' hospital and 'K' hospital. Future research on nursing costs should be extended to the other special nursing areas such as pediatric and psychiatric nursing units, and to ICU or operating rooms. Further, the PCS tool should be carefully evaluated for its appropriateness to all levels of institutions (primary, secondary, tertiary). This study took account only of the quantity of nursing services when developing the PCS tool for evaluating the productivity of nursing units. Future research should also consider the quality of nursing services including the appropriateness of nursing activities.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors which influence the effectiveness of nursing organization in the hospital. The data were collected by employing Delphi technique in a series of three rounds from June 15, 1985 to January 31, 1986. In each round the responses to questionnaires were analyzed and the results were communicated back to the subjects. Finally consensed among subjects in identification of the 48 items which influence the effectiveness of nursing organization in the hospitial. The 48 items were reduced to C factors and named, planning, organization and problem-solving, staffing-and staff developing, supporting, evaluating-contr-oiling and leading, and the number of items included for each factor were 14,14,8,5,3,2 and respectively. Among the 48 items, 2 items were not loaded on forementioned 6 factors because factor loading was below 0.3.

The critical problem of nurse scheduling in the hospital is determining the day-to-day shift assignments for each nurse for the specified period in a way that satisfies the given requirements of the hospital. As nurse scheduling involves many factors and requirements, manual scheduling requires much time and effort to produce an adequate schedule. A PC-based decision support system, developed in Turbo-C++, for nurse scheduling was introduced. The system is composed of 4 sub-systems: 1) Entering basic information for each nursing unit; 2) Generation of an appropriate initial schedule and revised schedule for a given period, maximally satisfying each nurse's duty requests; 3) Provision of variety of statistical information, and 4) Help messages for each modular function. Icons and a mouse are used for easier graphic user interface and reducing the need for typing efforts. This system can help nurses develop quick and easy schedule generation and allow more time for the patient care.

The purpose of this study was to develop the framework of community-based home care nursing delivery system, and to demonstrate and evaluate the efficiency of it. The study was carned out over a period of 3years from September 1996 to August 1999. The researchers developed Standards for operations, this was all aimed toward a home care recording system, and an assessment intervention algorithm for various diseases quality control and standardization. In the center, 185 patients enrolled, and of the enrollments cerebrovascular disorder and cancer were the most prevailment diseases. Also, a home care nursing activity classification was developed in six domains. Those domains were assessment, medication, treatment, education and consultation, emotional care, and referral or follow-up care. Ten sub-domains were divided according to the systematic needs. Among these nursing activities, treatment, assessment, and education and consultation were frequently performed. In sub-domain classification, skin integrity, respiration, circulation, and immobility related care were provided most frequently. The cost of home care nursing per visit was also suggested. The cost include direct and indirect nursing care, management, and transportation cost. Also, the researchers tried to overcome the limitations of hospital-based home care to provide more accessible, efficient, safe, and stable home care nursing. Therefore, clients were referred from other patients, families, public health care centers, industries, and even hospitals. As a result of this study, several limitations of operation were found. First, it was difficult to manage and communicate with doctor in the emergency situations. Second, there was too much time spent for transportation. This was because they are only five nurses, who cover all of the areas of Seoul and nearby cities. Third, preparation for special care of home care nurses was lacking. Fourth, criteria for the termination of care and the frequency of home visits were ambiguous. Finally, interconnection with home care machinery company was so yely needed. New paragraphs' strategies for solving these problems were suggested. This study will be the basis of community-based home care nursing, and the computerized information delivery system for home care nursing in Korea.

A nursing activity classification for hospitalized patients was performed based on an article review regarding nursing definition and nursing activity classification system. The study was conducted as follows: 1) Taxonomy was developed by the research team through the Delphi process and review article. The taxonomy consists of four nursing processes, (assessment, diagnosis, intervention and evaluation) and twelve nursing activity domains space (resperation, nutrition, elimination, exercise/alignment maintenance, comfort, hygiene, safety, spiritual support, counseling/ education, medication, communication, patient and information management). 2) First, nursing activities of the intervention process were listed and then classified by the nursing process of assessment, diagnosis, intervention and evaluation. The list consists of twelve nursing activity domains and 136 nursing activities. 3) A pilot study was conducted in two hospitals to verify validity and appropriateness of nursing activities. 4) The content validity index, which was calculated by 6 clinical practice experts, was 0.95. Also, a nursing activity classification system should also be developed in the department of community nursing and home health care nursing.