The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of self-management relaxation training through biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation methods. The effectiveness of the experimental methods was tested by measuring the degree of symptoms of stress(SOS), the McNair's profile of Mood STates(POMS), the levels of ephinephrine, norepinephrine, pulse rate, blood pressure and natural killer cells. The subjects of this study were sixty six nursing students divided into four groups two groups were the biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation groups, the other two groups served as control groups. One was a group of sophomores with no experience at all, the other a junior group without self-management or relaxation training. This study was condicted for eight weeks of clinical practice from April, 26th 1998 to June, 20th 1998. Biofeedback training was done with software developed by J&J company(1-410 form for abdominal respiration training). Progressive muscle relaxation training was done with an audiotape recorded according to Jacobson's Theory. The data were analyzed with frequencies, means, and analysis of cobariance using the SPSS program and the significance level of statistics was 5%. The results of the study are : 1) The importance of clinical practice stress reduction is shown in that the level of symptoms of stress in the experimental groups in clinical practice was higher than in the group receiving only a lecture. 2) The relaxation training methods of biofeeback and progressive muscle relaxation were effective in reducing the symptoms of stress under the clinical practice stress conditions. 3) The effectiveness of the biofeedback training relaxation method to reduce symptoms of stress was higher than that of progressive muscle relaxation. 4) The relaxation training methods of biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation were effective in reducing stressful mood states. 5) The relaxation training methods of bioffedback and progressive muscle relaxation were not effective in reducing epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. 6) The relaxation training methods of biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation were effective in increasing the number of natural killer cells. 7) The relaxation training methods of biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation were effective in decreasing high systolic and diastolic values of blood pressure and high pulse rates. In summary, the relaxation methods of biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation in reducing clinical practice stress were effective in lowering the level of symptoms of stress and the profile of stressful mood states. They were also effective in lowering high blood pressure and pulse rates. The relaxation methods were effective in increasing the number of natural killer cells as part of the immune function. However, relaxation methods were not effective symptoms of stress was more effective than the progressive muscle relaxation method.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of a hand massage program on anxiety and immune function in patients during cataract surgery. The hand massage program, in this study, consisted of hand massage and hand-holding. The subjects were sixty-three patients, thirty for the experimental and thirty-three for the control group, who were admitted at Kang Nam St. Mary's Hospital for cataract surgery. This study was carried out from December 10, 1997 to February 26, 1998. The level of anxiety as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured before, after hand massage, and after hand-holding. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, blood sugar levels, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and natural killer cell percentages also were measured before hand massage and five minutes before the end of the operation. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANCOVA, repeated measure ANOVA, and Bonferroni multiple comparisons. The results were as follows : 1) After hand massage, psychological anxiety levels decreased significantly compare with before hand massage in the experimental group, not in the control group. After hand holding, there were significant decrease in both groups. 2) There were no significant differences on systolic blood pressure, diastorlc blood pressure, and pulse rates in both groups. 3) The hand massage program decreased epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol significantly in the experimental group and increased epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in the control group. 4) There were no differences in blood sugar levels, neutrophil and lymphocyte percentages in white blood cells after the hand massage program. However, natural killer cells in lymphocytes were significantly increased in the experimental group. These findings indicate that a hand massage program could be a effective nursing intervention in decreasing the psychological and physiological anxiety levels and improving immune function in clients having cataract surgery under local anesthesia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• An intervention study of a combined intervention of positioning and hand massage in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation
  Yun Kyeong Lee, Mihae Im, Haeryun Cho
  Nursing Open.2023; 10(3): 1404.     CrossRef
• Effects of Extremity Massage on Preoperative Anxiety: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial on Phacoemulsification Candidates
  Moloud Farmahini Farahani, Masoomeh Noruzi Zamenjani, Morteza Nasiri, Soheila Shamsikhani, Zahra Purfarzad, Mehdi Harorani
  Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing.2020; 35(3): 277.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Hand Massage in Patients Who Underwent Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
  Eun Sil Shin, Myung-Hee Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(4): 465.     CrossRef
• Effects of the Provision of Information on Anxiety in Patients during Outpatient Surgery: A Systematic Review
  Ae-Ri Jung, In-Sook Lee
  Perspectives in Nursing Science.2016; 13(1): 48.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of Hand Massage Combined with Analgesics on Pain Control in Patients with Terminal Cancer
  Yunmi Lee, Hosoon Yoon, Sungwoon Lee, Young Mi Kim
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2016; 19(4): 296.     CrossRef
• Effect of Music Therapy on Vital Signs, Anxiety, Cortisol and Pain of Cataract Surgery Patients in Elderly
  Jung-Hae Park, Kwang-Hi Park
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(8): 549.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Hand Holding and Nei-Guan Acupressure on Anxiety and Pain under Local Anesthetic Patients during Surgery
  Sun Hee Park, Hee Jung Jang
  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2014; 14(11): 378.     CrossRef
• Effect of Aroma Hand Massage on Anxiety and Immune Function in Patients with Gynecology Surgery under Local Anesthesia
  Yun Ah Kim, Mi Hae Sung
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2014; 20(2): 126.     CrossRef
• Relational and Health Correlates of Affection Deprivation
  Kory Floyd
  Western Journal of Communication.2014; 78(4): 383.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Studies on Hand Massage Published in Korea: On the Effects of Sleep, Pain, Anxiety and Depression
  In-Ja Kim, Yu-Na Cho
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2012; 15(1): 47.     CrossRef
• Effects of Foot Reflexology on Fatigue, Sleep and Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Jeongsoon Lee, Misook Han, Younghae Chung, Jinsun Kim, Jungsook Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(6): 821.     CrossRef
• Effects of Hand Holding on Self-esteem and Assertiveness in Women Patients with Depression
  Mi-Hae Sung, Mi Young Choi, Ok Bong Eum
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2010; 19(2): 154.     CrossRef
• Effects of Self-Foot Reflexology on Stress, Fatigue and Blood Circulation in Premenopausal Middle-Aged Women
  Soo Hyun Jang, Kye Ha Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(5): 662.     CrossRef
• The effects of handholding on anxiety in cataract surgery patients under local anaesthesia
  Jung‐Soon Moon, Kyung‐Sook Cho
  Journal of Advanced Nursing.2001; 35(3): 407.     CrossRef

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Effects of a walking program using the “WalkON” mobile app among college students
  Yun-Su Kim
  DIGITAL HEALTH.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Virtual Reality Exercise Program Effects on Body Mass Index, Depression, Exercise Fun and Exercise Immersion in Overweight Middle-Aged Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Eun-Young Seo, Yeon-Suk Kim, Yu-Jin Lee, Myung-Haeng Hur
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(2): 900.     CrossRef
• Impact assessment of a primary care physician counseling program for youth population
  Yun-Su Kim, Shin-Ae Kim
  Medicine.2022; 101(46): e31916.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with the satisfaction of smoking cessation programs in clinics among Korean military personnel: An application of Transtheoretical model
  Eunjoo Kwon, Eun-Hee Nah
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(5): 1.     CrossRef
• Impact factors of revisit intention in health examinations and moderator effects of kindness of staff : Focusing on participants of Korea Association of Health Promotion, Gangwon Branch
  Sung Ok Jang, Deuk Jung, Min Jeong Kang, Jong Seok Lee
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(2): 113.     CrossRef
• The analysis of old person's blood pressure and blood lipid according to exercise frequency of combination exercise
  Park Jin-Seoung, Lee Su-Kyoung, Lee Kwang-Jun
  Edorium Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation.2016; 2(2): 115.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Changes in Fatigue and Exercise by Follow-Up Period
  Seung Min Oh, Woo Kyung Bae, Se Ryung Choo, Hee Tae Kim, Hyun Ho Kim, Sang Hyun Lee, Han Sol Jeong
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(2): 78.     CrossRef
• Customer Perceptions of Health Examination Service Quality: An Empirical Investigation in South Korea
  Sehwon Kang, Jungsuk Oh
  International Journal of Social Science and Humanity.2015; 5(3): 272.     CrossRef
• Effects of an 8-Week Outdoor Brisk Walking Program on Fatigue in Hi-Tech Industry Employees
  Li-Ling Wu, Kuo-Ming Wang, Po-I Liao, Yu-Hsiu Kao, Yi-Ching Huang
  Workplace Health & Safety.2015; 63(10): 436.     CrossRef
• Effects of Using Prop for Con vergence Pilates Met Exercise on the Immunoglobulin in Middle-aged Women
  Soon-Gi Back
  Journal of the Korea Convergence Society.2015; 6(5): 329.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Walking Exercise on Physical Fitness and Serum Lipids in Obese Middle-aged Women: Pilot Study
  Sang-Ho Lee, Byoung-Do Seo, Sang-Mi Chung
  Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2013; 25(12): 1533.     CrossRef
• Effects of a regular walking exercise program on behavioral and biochemical aspects in elderly people with type II diabetes
  Kiwol Sung, Sangkeun Bae
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2012; 14(4): 438.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Patient Satisfaction With Nursing Care Services, Switching Costs and Perceived Risk on Intention of Reuse in the Emergency Medical Center
  Hyun Jeong Kim, Young-Hee Yom
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2011; 17(4): 432.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Ischemic Neuronal Injury in the Stroke Animal Model: Potentiation of Cerebral Vascular Integrity
  Kyoung Ah Kang, Hohyun Seong, Han-Byeol Jin, Jongmin Park, Jongmin Lee, Jae-Yong Jeon, Youn Jung Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(2): 197.     CrossRef
• The Effects of RPE of Step Aerobics on the Immunologic Function of High School Girls
  Sun-Ok Kwon, Seon-Tae Jeong
  Journal of Life Science.2010; 20(2): 304.     CrossRef

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• The Application of Foot Reflexology for Anxiety and Pain Management in Women's Childbirth: A Literature Review
  Farideh Iraj
  Journal of Health Reports and Technology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety Levels among Patients to Receive Cardiac İmplantable Electronic Devices: A Randomised Controlled Study
  Ayşe Çuvadar , Berna Aksoy, Umut Yıldız, Cihan Öztürk
  Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effect of Foot Reflexology on the Quality of Sexual Life in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
  Somayeh Zeidabadi, Jaffar Abbas, Parvin Mangolian Shahrbabaki, Mahlagha Dehghan
  Sexuality and Disability.2022; 40(3): 567.     CrossRef
• Effect of Foot Reflexology Intervention on Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality in Adults: A Meta‐Analysis and Metaregression of Randomized Controlled Trials
  Wei-Li Wang, Hao-Yuan Hung, Ying-Ren Chen, Kuang-Huei Chen, Szu-Nian Yang, Chi-Ming Chu, Yuan-Yu Chan, Gerhard Litscher
  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of Left Sole Massage on Pain Relief and Haemodynamic Condition of Patients with Chest Pain- A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Nasrin Samadi, Jafar Vakili, Irandokht Allahyari, Mehri Seyedjavadi, Shohreh Moshfeghi, Soraia Ali Mohammadi, Fatemeh Bezaatpour
  Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2019; 8(46): 3482.     CrossRef
• A study to evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflexology on depressionamong older adults in selected old age homes.
  J Sirumalar
  Pondicherry Journal of Nursing.2016; 9(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Effect of self-administered foot reflexology for symptom management in healthy persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Hyun Jin Song, Heejeong Son, Hyun-Ju Seo, Heeyoung Lee, Sun Mi Choi, Sanghun Lee
  Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2015; 23(1): 79.     CrossRef
• Factors affecting Dysmenorrhea in Undergraduate Students
  Jisoo Kim
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2014; 20(2): 350.     CrossRef
• Effects of Postural Habits and Stress on Low Back Pain in Nursing Students
  Jisoo Kim, Jeong-Sil Choi
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(3): 165.     CrossRef
• Impact of Gum Chewing on Mental Health of Depressed Patients Treated in the Outpatient Clinics of Psychiatric Hospitals
  Takeshi Katsuki, Kazuyo Kusaka
  The Kitakanto Medical Journal.2013; 63(1): 13.     CrossRef
• Effects of Aroma Self-Foot Reflexology Massage on Stress and Immune Responses and Fatigue in Middle-Aged Women in Rural Areas
  Ja Ok Kim, In Sook Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(5): 709.     CrossRef
• Effects of Self-Foot Reflexology on Stress, Fatigue, Skin Temperature and Immune Response in Female Undergraduate Students
  Young-Mee Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(1): 110.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Relationship among Family Support, Stress and Quality of Life on according to the Phases of Illness in Breast Cancer Patients
  Sang Sun Cheon, So Young Choi
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2010; 16(1): 10.     CrossRef
• Geriatric Foot Problems and Related Factors in Two Provinces of Korea
  Shinmi Kim, Jaehong Ahn, Sookhee Choi, Yunjung Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(2): 161.     CrossRef
• Effects of Self-Foot Reflexology on Stress, Fatigue and Blood Circulation in Premenopausal Middle-Aged Women
  Soo Hyun Jang, Kye Ha Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(5): 662.     CrossRef
• Lower Extremity Edema and Pain of Nurses and the Effect of Self Leg Massage
  Jina Oh, Chae-Min Yoon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(2): 278.     CrossRef