Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Paper

Concept Analysis of Social Intelligence of Nurses Using Hybrid Model: Lee, Kyung Ran , Lee, Na Kyoung , Oh, Hee , Park, Kyoung Ae; J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(3):459-474. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23121

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to conduct a concept analysis of social intelligence in nurses so that applying social intelligence to the nursing field.
Methods
In this study, we followed the hybrid model procedure, involving the following steps: First, in the theoretical stage, the attributes and definitions of the concept of social intelligence were determined through literature review. Second, the concepts’ reality was confirmed during fieldwork. In the final analysis stage, the results confirmed in the theoretical and fieldwork stages were compared and analyzed to confirm the properties and definition of the concept.
Results
Nurses’ social intelligence consists of three dimensions: social cognitive nursing competency, human-centered social evolution, and skills for solving complex nursing situations. Nurses’ social intelligence is a professional nursing competency that flexibly coordinates complex nursing situations, developed through accumulating experiences of continuous reflection and relationship expansion based on receptive listening and social sensitivity in clinical interpersonal relationships.
Conclusion
Nurses’ social intelligence is widely used in clinical practice and is shown to have a significant direct and indirect impact on clinical nursing. To effectively apply social intelligence in the clinical context, individual and organizational efforts are required to share and transfer knowledge and capacity-building methods through collective intelligence and education.

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Review Paper

Factors Related to Emotional Leadership in Nurses Manager: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Jang, Se Young , Park, Chan Mi , Yang, Eun Hee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(2):119-138. Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24026

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to identify research trends related to emotional leadership among nurse managers by conducting a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. This study sought to derive insights that could contribute to improving emotional leadership in nursing practice.
Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science, Research Information Sharing Service, Koreanstudies Information Service System, Korean Medical Database, KoreaMed, ScienceON, and DBpia were searched to obtain papers published in English and Korean. Literature searches and screenings were conducted for the period December 1, 2023 to December 17, 2023. The effect size correlation (ESr) was calculated for each variable and the meta-analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS 29.0, R 4.3.1.
Results
Twenty-five (four personal, six job, and fifteen organizational) relevant variables were identified through the systematic review. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the total overall effect size was ESr = .33. Job satisfaction (ESr = .40) and leader-member exchange (ESr = .75) had the largest effect size among the job and organizational-related factors.
Conclusion
Emotional leadership helps promote positive changes within organizations, improves organizational effectiveness, and increases member engagement and satisfaction. Therefore, it is considered an important strategic factor in improving organizational performance.

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Research Papers

Emotional Intelligence, Academic Motivation, and Achievement among Health Science Students in Saudi Arabia: A Self-Deterministic Approach: Mahrous, Rasha Mohammed , Bugis, Bussma Ahmed , Sayed, Samiha Hamdi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):571-583. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23028

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study used a self-deterministic approach to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), academic motivation (AM), and achievement among health science students.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three cities of Saudi Arabia (Dammam, Riyadh, and Jeddah). A convenience sample of 450 students was incorporated using the multistage cluster sampling technique. The online survey contained three sections: students' basic data and academic achievement level, the modified Schutte self-report inventory, and the Academic Motivation Scale lowercase.
Results
This study revealed moderate overall scores for EI (57.1%), AM (55.6%), and grade point average (GPA) (57.6%). The overall EI score, its domains, and GPA had significant positive correlations with overall AM and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (p < .01). Amotivation had an insignificant correlation with GPA (p < .05), but it was negatively correlated with EI and its domains (p < .01). Multiple regression analysis proved that EI domains predicted 5.0% of GPA variance; emotions appraisal and expression (β = .02, p = .024), regulation (β = .11, p = .032), and utilization (β = .24, p < .01). EI domains also predicted 26.0% of AM variance; emotions appraisal and expression (β = .11, p = .04), regulation (β = .33, p < .01), and utilization (β = .23, p < .01). Moreover, AM predicted 4.0% of the variance in GPA; intrinsic (β = .25, p = .004) and extrinsic (β = .11, p = .022) motivation. AM also predicted 25.0% of the variance in EI: intrinsic (β = .34, p < .01) and extrinsic motivation (β = .26, p = .026).
Conclusion
EI and AM have a bidirectional influence on each other, significantly shaping the GPA of health sciences students in Saudi Arabia, where intrinsic motivation has a predominant role. Thus, promoting students' AM and EI is recommended to foster their academic achievement.

Citations

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How to select candidates for an undergraduate degree in psychology? Combining high-school GPA and admission test score
Angela Sorgente, Giada Pietrabissa, Alessandro Antonietti, Andrea Bonanomi, Gianluca Castelnuovo, Margherita Lanz, Semira Tagliabue, Daniela Traficante
Asia Pacific Education Review.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction of Pediatric Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Communication Skills and Pediatric Nurse-Parent Partnership: Lee, Da Gyeon , Choi, Mi-Young; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(5):514-524. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23044

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of communication skills and pediatric nurse-parent partnership on the relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among pediatric nurses.
Methods
A survey was administered to 205 pediatric nurses working in children’s, general, and tertiary hospitals situated in Chungcheong province and Seoul. Data were collected in August and September 2022. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0 along with the PROCESS macro program.
Results
Emotional intelligence had a significant effect, and was a critical factor affecting the job satisfaction of pediatric nurses. Furthermore, communication skills and nurse-parent partnership had a serial double mediating effect.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the significance of conducting job satisfaction improvement programs, including strategies for augmenting emotional intelligence, bolstering communication skills, and fostering nurse-parent partnership.

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Factors influencing partnerships between care workers and families in nursing homes in South Korea
Eun-Yeong Jung, Hye-Young Jang
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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71 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Keyword Network Analysis and Topic Modeling of News Articles Related to Artificial Intelligence and Nursing: Ha, Ju-Young , Park, Hyo-Jin; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(1):55-68. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22117

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the main keywords, network properties, and main topics of news articles related to artificial intelligence technology in the field of nursing.
Methods
After collecting artificial intelligence-and nursing-related news articles published between January 1, 1991, and July 24, 2022, keywords were extracted via preprocessing. A total of 3,267 articles were searched, and 2,996 were used for the final analysis. Text network analysis and topic modeling were performed using NetMiner 4.4.
Results
As a result of analyzing the frequency of appearance, the keywords used most frequently were education, medical robot, telecom, dementia, and the older adults living alone. Keyword network analysis revealed the following results: a density of 0.002, an average degree of 8.79, and an average distance of 2.43; the central keywords identified were ’education,’ ‘medical robot,’ and ‘fourth industry.’ Five topics were derived from news articles related to artificial intelligence and nursing: ‘Artificial intelligence nursing research and development in the health and medical field,’ ‘Education using artificial intelligence for children and youth care,’ ‘Nursing robot for older adults care,’ ‘Community care policy and artificial intelligence,’ and ‘Smart care technology in an aging society.’ Conclusion: The use of artificial intelligence may be helpful among the local community, older adult, children, and adolescents. In particular, health management using artificial intelligence is indispensable now that we are facing a super-aging society. In the future, studies on nursing intervention and development of nursing programs using artificial intelligence should be conducted.

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Mapping the Landscape of AI-Driven Human Resource Management: A Social Network Analysis of Research Collaboration
Mehrdad Maghsoudi, Motahareh Kamrani Shahri, Mehrdad Agha Mohammad Ali Kermani, Rahim Khanizad
IEEE Access.2025; 13: 3090. CrossRef
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Learning on Nursing Students' Ethical Decision-making and Clinical Reasoning in Pediatric Care
Hyewon Shin, Jennie C. De Gagne, Sang Suk Kim, Minjoo Hong
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2024; 42(10): 704. CrossRef
Research trends over 10 years (2010-2021) in infant and toddler rearing behavior by family caregivers in South Korea: text network and topic modeling
In-Hye Song, Kyung-Ah Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(3): 182. CrossRef

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Original Articles

The Reliability and Validity of Korean Version of Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (K-WLEIS): Jeong, Harim , Choi, Heejung , Park, Myungsook; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(4):611-620. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20109

Abstract PDF

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (K-WLEIS). Methods: Data were collected from 360 nursing students using a self reported questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test construct validity. Convergence validity was identified by correlation with communication competency. Item convergent and discriminant validity were also analyzed. Reliability was evaluated internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the eigen values ranged from 1.34 to 5.86 and 73.2% of the total explained variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate model fit indices (χ² /df 1.89, RMSEA .07, GFI .89, CFI .95, and TLI .93) and standardized factor loadings (.48 to .87). The average extracted variances (.71 to .79) and composite reliability (.80 to .87) validated convergence and discriminant validity of the items. Test-retest reliability of intra-class correlation coefficient was .90 and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .88. Conclusion: The K-WLEIS is an appropriate scale for measuring the emotional intelligence of Korean nursing students. Therefore, it is expected that the K-WLEIS will be used for nursing education programs to improve nursing students’ emotional intelligence.

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Emotional Intelligence and Its Effect on Person-Centered Care: A Qualitative Study of Nursing Professionals in Jordan
Abdul-Monim Batiha
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.2025; 56(3): 119. CrossRef
The Effect of Emotional Intelligence, Caring Efficacy, and Social Support on Clinical Competency of Nursing Students
Jaewoo Park, Vasuki Rajaguru, Jeoungmi Kim
The Open Nursing Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses’ Workplace Bullying Experiences Focusing on Meritocracy Belief, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Culture: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Insil Jang, Sun Joo Jang, Sun Ju Chang, Miyuki Takase
Journal of Nursing Management.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Emotional Touch Nursing Competencies Model of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Instrument Validation Study
Sun-Young Jung, Ji-Hyeon Lee
Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal.2024; 8: e67928. CrossRef
Concept Analysis of Social Intelligence of Nurses Using Hybrid Model
Kyung Ran Lee, Na Kyoung Lee, Hee Oh, Kyoung Ae Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(3): 459. CrossRef
The Reliability and Validity of a Korean version of the Quality of Life in Life Threatening Illness - Family Carer Version 3: Focused on the families of patients with terminal cancers
Kyung-Ah Kang, Hyun Sook Kim, Myung-Nam Lee
Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(3): 102. CrossRef
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Xiangyun Lin, Hao Liu
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Factors Influencing Nursing Professionalism on the Nursing Performance in Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Sunyoung Jung, Hyojung Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(4): 451. CrossRef
Cross-Cultural Validation of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised (MQOL-R), Korean Version; A Focus on People at the End of Life
Kyung-Ah Kang, Myung-Nam Lee
The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2022; 25(3): 110. CrossRef
Reliability and Construct Validity Assessment of Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale and Satisfaction With Life Scale in the Indian Hospitality Industry
Shruti Traymbak, Ashok Sharma, Mili Dutta
Annals of Neurosciences.2022; 29(2-3): 121. CrossRef

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Psychosocial Well-Being of Clinical Nurses Performing Emotional Labor: A Path Analytic Model Approach: Yoonjeong Lee, Hyunli Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(3):307-316. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.3.307

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of emotional expressivity, emotional intelligence, affectivity, job autonomy, social support, and emotional labor on clinical nurses’ individual well-being and to provide guidelines for interventions and strategies for its improvement.

Methods

The sample consisted of 207 nurses recruited from a general hospital in Korea. The participants completed a structured self-report questionnaire comprising measures of emotional expressivity, emotional intelligence, positive affectivity, negative affectivity, job autonomy, supervisor support, coworker support, deep acting, surface acting, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics 22.0 and AMOS 22.0.

Results

The final model was a good fit for the data based on the model fit indices. In the path analysis, surface acting, negative affectivity, supervisor support, and coworker support had statistically significant effects on emotional exhaustion, explaining 29.0% of the variance. Deep acting, emotional exhaustion, positive affectivity, and emotional intelligence had statistically significant effects on job satisfaction, explaining 43.0% of the variance.

Conclusion

Effective strategies to improve clinical nurses’ individual well-being should focus on surface acting, deep acting, affectivity, social support, and emotional intelligence. The results of this study can be utilized as base data to manage emotional labor and improve clinical nurses’ individual well-being.

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Validity and Reliability of the Korean version of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale for Nurses
Hye-Ja Park, Soyoung Yu
Sage Open.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Development of a Nursing Diagnosis System Using a Neural Network Model: Eun Ok Lee, Mi Soon Song, Myung Ki Kim, Hyeoun Ae Park; Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1996;26(2):281-289. Published online March 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1996.26.2.281

Abstract PDF

Neural networks have recently attracted considerable attention in the field of classification and other areas. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate an experiment using back-propagation neural network model applied to nursing diagnosis. The network's structure has three layers; one input layer for representing signs and symptoms and one output layer for nursing diagnosis as well as one hidden layer. The first prototype of a nursing diagnosis systern for patients with stomach cancer was developed with 254 nodes for the input layer and 20 nodes for the output layer of 20 nursing diagnoses, by utilizing learning data set collected from 118 patients with stomach cancer. It showed a hitting ratio of .93 when the model was developed with 20,000 times of learning, 6 nodes of hidden layer, 0.5 of momentum and 0.5 of learning coefficient. The system was primarily designed to be an aid in the clinical reasoning process. It was intended to simplify the use of nursing diagnoses for clinical practitioners. In order to validate the developed model, a set of test data from 20 patients with stomach cancer was applied to the diagnosis system. The data for 17 patients were concurrent with the result produced from the nursing diagnosis system which shows the hitting ratio of 85%. Future research is needed to develop a system with more nursing diagnoses and an evaluation process, and to expand the system to be applicable to other groups of patients.

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Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in women’s health nursing
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Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2020; 26(1): 5. CrossRef
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2010; 16(2): 121. CrossRef

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Effects of Blending Oil of Lavender and Thyme on Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Skin Condition in Atopic Dermatitis Induced Mice: Young Mi Seo, Seok Hee Jeong; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(3):367-377. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.367

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of essential oil on oxidative stress, immunity, and skin condition in atopic dermatitis (AD) induced mice.

Methods

This study was a 3×3 factorial design. Factors were oil type (Lavender, Thyme, and 2:1 mixture of lavender and thyme oil [blending oil]) and treatment period (0 day, 7 days, and 21 days). The samples were 45 mice with AD and randomly assigned to nine groups of five mice per group. The dependent variables such as superoxide radical, IgE, degranulated mast cells, and epidermal thickness were measured. Data were collected from February to April in 2014. Descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test were performed using the SPSS WIN 20.0 program.

Results

Dependent variables were not statistically significantly different by the three oil types (p>.05). Essential oils such as lavender, thyme, and blending oil were all effective in reducing AD symptoms and especially 2:1 blending oil were most effective. There were statistically significant differences by the three treatment periods in all dependent variables (p<.001). There were statistically significant interactions between oil types and treatment periods in all dependent variables (p<.01). For decreasing superoxide radical, degranulated mast cells, and epidermal thickness, 2:1 mixed oil should be applied for at least 21 days. Otherwise to reduce IgE, 2:1 mixed oil should be used for at least 7 days.

Conclusion

These findings provide bases for developing effective interventions for AD patients to manage their AD symptoms.

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Development and Effects of Emotional Intelligence Program for Undergraduate Nursing Students: Mixed Methods Research: Oi Sun Lee, Mee Ock Gu; J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(6):682-696. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.6.682

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was conducted to develop and test the effects of an emotional intelligence program for undergraduate nursing students.

Methods

The study design was a mixed method research. Participants were 36 nursing students (intervention group: 17, control group: 19). The emotional intelligence program was provided for 4 weeks (8 sessions, 20 hours). Data were collected between August 6 and October 4, 2013. Quantitative data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and paired t-test with SPSS/WIN 18.0. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis.

Results

Quantitative results showed that emotional intelligence, communication skills, resilience, stress coping strategy, and clinical competence were significantly better in the experimental group compared to the control group. According to the qualitative results, the nursing students experienced improvement in emotional intelligence, interpersonal relationships, and empowerment, as well as a reduction in clinical practice stress after participation in the emotional intelligence program.

Conclusion

Study findings indicate that the emotional intelligence program for undergraduate nursing students is effective and can be recommended as an intervention for improving the clinical competence of undergraduate students in a nursing curriculum.

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