Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Original Articles

The Concept of Hwa-Byung in Nursing: Soon Yong Khim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(6):1221-1232. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.6.1221

The purpose of this study was to study how nurses interpreted the meaning of Hwa-Byung. It was carried through a review of literature, and the result is expected to explore ways that nursing intervention can promote the understanding of Hwa-Byung. The literature review focused on cultural psychology and psychiatrists' views toward Hwa-Byung. After that, it was reconfirmed concept of Hwa-Byung in nursing devived from historical analysis of the examples of Hwa-Byung from a true record of the Cho-Sun Dynasty(CD ROM, 1997). Characteristics of patients with Hwa-Byung include 'Hwa', an aspect of somatization, and self-diagnosing. It also could find that Hwa-Byung is characterized as 'Hwa', 'somatization' and 'self-diagnosis(subjectiveness)' according to a true record of the Cho-Sun Dynasty(CD ROM, 1997). The conceptual definition of 'Hwa', 'somatization' and 'self-diagnosing (subjectiveness)' are as follows. The core concept of Hwa-Byung, 'Hwa,' has the property of 'fire', and equals the feeling of injustice. Hwa-Byung means congestion of 'Hwa'. Therefore Hwa-Byung is the accumulation of being mistreated and mortified. The feeling of mistreatment comes from subjective experiences, which cannot be in harmony with the values, beliefs and rights of the patients. The situations that they have to endure again and again, though they are the sufferers, connote suppressed aggression and powerlessness endured over time. Suppressed aggression subordinated hostility, hatred and revengeful thoughts; powerlessness subordinates frustration, resignation, and fatalism. Somatization is another form of expressing 'Hwa' through physical symptoms. The somatization of clients with Hwa-Byung plays a role in expressing non-verbalized and suppressed emotions within themselves. The clients who experiences Hwa-Byung think that they know the cause of their illness and self-diagnose their problem as Hwa-Byung. Therefore, the feeling of unfairness which is the premise of Hwa-Byung infers 'subjectiveness' In conclusion, nursing's concept of Hwa-Byung is the accumulation of feelings of being mistreated and mortified. Hwa-Byung is the internalized 'Hwa' from enduring again and again. The feeling of being mistreated comes from subjective judgements about unfairness that cannot be harmonized with the clients' values, beliefs and rights. Those who can express their 'Hwa' only through their bodies imply suppressed aggression and powerlessness.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Clinical Correlates of Hwa-Byung and a Proposal for a New Anger Disorder
Sung Kil Min
Psychiatry Investigation.2008; 5(3): 125. CrossRef

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Development and Effectiveness of a Program for Relieving 'Hwa-Byung' Symptoms: Young Joo Park, Jong Woo Kim, Sung Hoon Cho, So Hyun Moon; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(6):1035-1046. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.6.1035

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This one group experimentation was designed to develop a program for relieving ‘ Hwa-Byung’(HB) symptoms and examine its effects on HB symptoms, pain threshold emotions like anger, anxiety and depression.

Method

The program consisted of three components the change of the cognitive thoughts, the formation of a supportive network, and induction of mind-body relaxation. Sixteen middle-aged women with HB were divided into three groups for group dynamics according to the time of the recruitment. Data was collected for nine months at three time points, before, immediately after, and one month later of its application.

Result

There were statistically significant differences in the severity level of state anger, state anxiety, depression, and HB symptoms according to the time interval. The means of state anger and state anxiety were reduced after the intervention, but it was slightly increased one month later. The means of depression and HB symptoms were continuously reduced after the intervention and one month later.

Conclusion

This was the first management program for HB women in Korea. A future study must be done with the research design formethodological strength revision of the program.

Citations

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A broken heart from a wounded land: The use of Korean scarf dance as a dance/movement therapy intervention for a Korean woman with haan
Kyung Soon Ko
The Arts in Psychotherapy.2017; 55: 64. CrossRef
Current Trends in Intervention Studies of Hwabyung in Korean Medicine
Hyo-Weon Suh, Eun-Ji Choi, Sang-Ho Kim, Dong Hee Kim, Lak-Hyung Kim, Jong-Woo Kim, Jae-Hyok Lee, Jae-Hwan Lim, Woo-Jin Choi, Sun-Yong Chung
Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry.2016; 27(4): 261. CrossRef
Anger, anger expression, cardiovascular risk factors, and gastrointestinal symptoms by hwa-byung symptoms in Korean adult women
Young-Joo Park, Sook-Ja Lee, Nah-Mee Shin, Hyunjeong Shin, Hyun Cheol Kang, Yoon Tae Jin, Song I. Jeon, Inhae Cho
Applied Nursing Research.2015; 28(4): 398. CrossRef
Clinical Guidelines for Hwabyung III. (Diagnosis and Assessment of Hwabyung)
In Chul Jung, Woo Chang Choi, Sang Ryong Lee
Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry.2013; 24(spc1): 23. CrossRef
Effects of a Brief Qigong-based Stress Reduction Program (BQSRP) in a distressed Korean population: a randomized trial
Eun-Young Hwang, Sun-Yong Chung, Jae-Heung Cho, Mi-Yeon Song, Sehyun Kim, Jong-Woo Kim
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Guidelines for Hwabyung V. (Oriental Psychotherapy and Management)
Seung-Gi Lee, Hyung-Won Kang
Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry.2013; 24(spc1): 47. CrossRef
The effect of Bunsimgi-eum on Hwa-byung: Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Seok-Hwan Kim, Yang-Chun Park, Kwon-Eui Hong, Weechang Kang, Sang Ryong Lee, In Chul Jung
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2012; 144(2): 402. CrossRef
Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction(MBSR) on Hwa-Byung Patients
Seung-Yeon Song, Hyun-Ju Cho, Sang-Young Kim, Jong-Woo Kim
Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry.2012; 23(4): 153. CrossRef

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Exploring the Nature of “Hwa-Byung” Using Pragmatics: Soon Yong Khim, Cho Sik Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(1):104-112. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.1.104

Abstract

Purpose

While most psychiatrists diagnose Hwa-Byung as a chronic psychogenic disorder associated with familial, financial and personality, the purpose of study was to shed light on the nature of Hwa-Byung through pragmatics. Hwa-Byung is characterized as ‘ Hwa’ which means fire ‘ Byung’ which means disease. This condition cannot be empirically experienced, rather it is represented by suffering internally (in the mind). It also could find an aspect of somatization, and self-diagnosing.

Method

As patients themselves diagnose Hwa-Byung, pragmatical approach was taken to analyze the context of the learning through their communication with others. The case examples resulted from in-depth telephone counseling with a client who is housewife with Hwa-Byung over a period of time at the Women's Hot Line.

Result

The study showed that the client experienced continuous improper attacks by her husband. She expressed improperness by applying her personal emotions to social-justice reasoning.

Conclusion

‘ Hwa’ means lack of mutual intimacy in this research. By expressing this ‘ Hwa’, the client would like to recover mutual intimacy with her husband.

Citations

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The Role of Economic Stress and Coping Resources in Predicting Hwabyung Symptoms
Jonghyun Lee
Community Mental Health Journal.2019; 55(2): 211. CrossRef
Hwabyung Experiences Among Korean Immigrant Women in the United States
Jonghyun Lee, Anna Martin-Jearld, Kate Robinson, Susan Price
Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences.2016; 9(2): 325. CrossRef
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Sarah E. Choi, Ivy Kwon, Emiley Chang, Daniel Araiza, Carol Lee Thorpe, Catherine A. Sarkisian
International Journal of Older People Nursing.2016; 11(4): 255. CrossRef
Hwabyungand Depressive Symptoms among Korean Immigrants
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Social Work in Mental Health.2015; 13(2): 159. CrossRef
Factors Contributing toHwabyungSymptoms among Korean Immigrants
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Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work.2013; 22(1): 17. CrossRef
Depression in Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients: The Feeling of Burden As a Predictor of Depression
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Journal of Clinical Oncology.2008; 26(36): 5890. CrossRef
Aging, Health, and Physical Activity in Korean Americans
Kyung-Choon Lim, Jeanie S. Kayser-Jones, Catherine Waters, Grace Yoo
Geriatric Nursing.2007; 28(2): 112. CrossRef

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