Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Paper

Effects of Second Victim Experiences after Patient Safety Incidents on Nursing Practice Changes in Korean Clinical Nurses: The Mediating Effects of Coping Behaviors: Jeong, Seohee , Jeong, Seok Hee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(4):489-504. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21089

Purpose
This study was investigated the mediating effect of coping behaviors in the relationship between the second victim experiences after patient safety incidents and the nursing practice changes.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was performed using structured questionnaires. Participants were 218 clinical nurses in general tertiary hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected through an online survey and snowball sampling from August 11 to September 6 2020. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 program. A mediation analysis was performed using multiple regression and a simple mediation model applying the PROCESS macro with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval.
Results
The mean scores of second victim experiences was 3.41/5. Approach coping (β = .55, p < .001) and the avoidant coping (β = - .23, p = .001) showed mediation effects in the relationship between second victim experiences and constructive change in nursing practice. Avoidant coping (β = .29, p < .001) showed a mediation effect in the relationship between second victim experiences and defensive change in nursing practice.
Conclusion
Coping behaviors has a mediating effect on the relationship between second victim experiences and nursing practice changes. To ensure that nurses do not experience second victim, medical institutions should have a culture of patient safety that employs a systematic approach rather than blame individuals. They also need to develop strategies that enhance approach coping and reducing avoidant coping to induce nurses’ constructive practice changes in clinical nurses in experiencing second victims due to patient safety incidents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Factors influencing negative outcomes for nurses who experience patient safety incidents: An integrative review
Hanseulgi Lee, Nam‐Ju Lee, Nari Kim
International Nursing Review.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
How does just culture reduce negative work outcomes through second victim distress and demand for support in clinical nurses? A path analysis
Seohee Jeong, Sunmi Kim, Hyoung Eun Chang, Seok Hee Jeong
BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in Nursing Practice Among Clinical Nurses After Experiencing a Patient Safety Incident: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling
Sunmi Kim, Seohee Jeong, Seok Hee Jeong, Majd Mrayyan
Journal of Nursing Management.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
“Learn from Errors”: Post-traumatic growth among second victims
Huanhuan Huang, Tong Liu, Ying Peng, Xingyao Du, Qi Huang, Qinghua Zhao, Mingzhao Xiao, Yetao Luo, Shuangjiang Zheng
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Nurse Leader Perspectives and Experiences on Caregiver Support Following a Serious Medical Error
Marie M. Prothero, Madeline Sorhus, Katherine Huefner
JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration.2024; 54(12): 664. CrossRef
Prevalence of the second victim phenomenon among intensive care unit nurses and the support provided by their organizations
Maria Kappes, Pilar Delgado‐Hito, Verónica Riquelme Contreras, Marta Romero‐García
Nursing in Critical Care.2023; 28(6): 1022. CrossRef
The mediating role of coping styles in the relationship between second victim experience and professional quality of life among nurses: a cross-sectional study
Xizhao Li, Chong Chin Che, Yamin Li, Ling Wang, Mei Chan Chong
BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations among workplace incivility, stress coping, and nursing performance in hospital nurses: A path analysis
Eun Ha Kim, Yeojin Yi
Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2023; 55(4): 834. CrossRef
Influence of Clinical Nurses’ Second-Victim Experience and Second-Victim Support in Relation to Patient Safety Incidents on Their Work-Related Outcomes
Su Jin Jung, Youngjin Lee, Sun Hyoung Bae
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(4): 331. CrossRef
Profiles of second victim symptoms and desired support strategies among Korean nurses: A latent profile analysis
Eun Young Choi, Jeehee Pyo, Minsu Ock, Haeyoung Lee
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2022; 78(9): 2872. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Perception on Parental Coping on Unintentional Injury of Their Early Infants and Toddlers: Q Methodological Approach: Da In Lee, Ho Ran Park, Sun Nam Park, Sungsil Hong; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(3):335-348. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.3.335

Abstract PDF: Abstract Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify parental coping strategies in the face of early infant and toddler injury, and to provide basic data for a parental education program and the most desirable directions it should take.
Methods
A Q-methodology to analyze the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four Q-statements were derived from a literature review and interviews. Forty-seven parents were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed by the pc-QUANL program.
Results
Five types of parental coping in early infant and toddler injury were identified. Type I was “hospital treatment focused”, type II was “Improving the safety of the child's environment”, type III was “expression of negative emotion”, type IV was “taking the lead in problem solving”, and type V was “Interrogating the person in charge of the situation in which the injury occurred”.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs can be used for parents in early childhood injury.

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The Effects of a Stress Management Program on Mental Health and the Coping Behavior for the Children of Alcoholics: Seung Hee Yang, Pyung Sook Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(1):77-86. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.77

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a stress management program on mental health and coping behavior for children of alcoholics.

Method

Data was collected from January to February, 2003. The subjects were 20 adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test with the SAS program.

Result

There were statistically significant differences in mental health, active coping, positive cognitive restructuring, and support-seeking for problem solving between the experimental group and the control group.

Conclusion

The stress management program helped children of alcoholics by enhancing self-esteem, providing information about alcohol, and improving emotional and problem focused coping abilities. This eventually enhanced mental health.

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Effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management Program on Psychosocial Stress, Mood State, and Ways of Coping for Emergency Department Nurses
Ja-Hyun Kim, Kuem-Sun Han
Korean Journal of Stress Research.2021; 29(2): 87. CrossRef
Influences of Parental Problem Drinking on Internet Addiction Among Early Adolescents
Mi Heui Jang, Mi Ja Kim, Heeseung Choi
Journal of Addictions Nursing.2012; 23(4): 258. CrossRef
Parents' Drinking Behavior and Factors Related to Mental Health of their University Student Offspring
Myungsun Hyun, Heesun Kang, Hyunlye Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2011; 20(4): 355. CrossRef
Effect of Self-differentiation and Family Function on Mental Health in Adolescents
Hea Shoon Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2010; 16(4): 297. CrossRef
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for At-risk Korean Male Adolescents
Myung-Sun Hyun, Kyoung A. Nam, Myung-Ah Kim
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.2010; 24(3): 202. CrossRef

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Effects of an Empowerment Program on the Burden of Mothers Having a Child with Cerebral Palsy: Yong Sook Eo; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(1):154-164. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.154

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop an empowerment program as a nursing intervention for mothers who care for a child with cerebral palsy at home and to determine the effects of the program on those mothers' self efficacy, coping behavior and burden.

Method

An non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. An Empowerment program was developed based on Dunst & Trivette's model. Using the program, the study was carried out from Dec. 13, 2003 to Jan. 17, 2004, mothers whose children, aged 1 to 6, were outpatients of the Dept. of Rehabilitation Medicine, at P University Hospital or registered at educational institutions for early disabled children. The experimental group of subjects were included in the new empowerment program which was held for two and half hours every week for 6 times.

Results

After treatment with the Empowerment Program, the experimental group was found to be significantly increased in score for self efficacy(t=4.55, p<.01), coping behavior(t=5.54, p<.001), objective burden(t=-3.96, p<.01) and subjective burden(t=-5.05, p<.01), in comparison to the control group.

Conclusion

The Empowerment Program is very effective in increasing self efficacy and coping behavior of mothers having a child with cerebral palsy and decreasing their burden. Finally, this study would recommend that an empowerment program should be extended to community facilities such as public health offices and welfare centers.

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Online social support and collective empowerment: Serial mediation effect on self‐efficacy among mothers of children with type 1 diabetes
Ju‐Yeon Uhm, Myoung Soo Kim
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2022; 78(10): 3225. CrossRef
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Jihyun Kim, Nam Cho Kim
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2017; 23(1): 1. CrossRef
Evaluating the effectiveness of a family empowerment program on family function and pulmonary function of children with asthma: A randomized control trial
Hsiu-Ying Yeh, Wei-Fen Ma, Jing-Long Huang, Kai-Chung Hsueh, Li-Chi Chiang
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Aeran Joo, Inhyae Park
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Effects of a breastfeeding empowerment programme on Korean breastfeeding mothers: A quasi-experimental study
Jung Sun Kang, So Young Choi, Eun Jung Ryu
International Journal of Nursing Studies.2008; 45(1): 14. CrossRef

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Symptoms, Depression, and Coping Behaviors of University Students: Mi Kyoung Choi; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(3):433-439. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.3.433

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among subjective symptoms, depression, and stress coping behavior of university students.

Method

The survey was carried out on a convenience sample of 298 university students. The questionnaire consisted of each scale for symptoms, depression, and stress coping behaviors. Data analysis procedure included the factor analysis for stress coping behaviors, and the correlation analysis describing a relationship among symptoms, depression, and stress coping behaviors.

Result

There were significant correlations between depression and the three types of symptoms : general, psychological, and somatic symptom. Subjects using the negative-emotional-response coping and the self-control coping showed a more severe depression, and those using the problem-solving reappraisal coping and the positive-emotional-response coping showed a milder depression. Subjects using the negative-emotional-response coping complained of all 3 types of symptoms severely, and those using the positive-emotional-response coping complained of general symptoms mildly. Of five stress coping methods, the negative-emotional-response and the positive-emotional-response coping methods were related to both symptoms and depression significantly.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the emotional-oriented coping method has more important role for university student's depression and their subjective symptoms than the problem-oriented coping or social supports seeking coping. Further study needs to be conducted to help students effective coping mechanism for good mental health. Also it is necessary for university students to recognize that their symptoms are associated with depression.

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Effects of Empathic Ability and Campus Life Stress on Stress Coping Behaviors in Dental Hygiene Students
Ji-Hyoung Han, Jin-Young Yang, Ji-Min Hwang
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2017; 17(5): 439. CrossRef
Effects of Body Image Satisfaction and Interpersonal Relationship on Depression Among Nursing Students in Korea
Yun-Kyung Kim, Nam-Hyun Cha
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(2): 489. CrossRef
The Convergence Influence of Life Stress, Depression and Ego Resiliency on College Life Adaptation in Nursing Students
Hye-Yun Jung
Journal of Digital Convergence.2016; 14(7): 259. CrossRef
The Effect of Physical Self-Concept and Leisure Sport Participation Level on Leisure Sport Satisfaction
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(1): 215. CrossRef
Self-Perceived Psychosocial Stress, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms, and Its Related Factors Among College Students
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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(6): 2828. CrossRef
Comparison of Depression and Life-stress by Values in University Students
Hae-Ok Jeon
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(5): 2148. CrossRef
Outcomes of a Program to Reduce Depression
Gyung Hee Kim, Kyeha Kim, Hyojung Park
Western Journal of Nursing Research.2011; 33(4): 560. CrossRef
Perceived Stress, Stress Symptoms, and Ways of Coping in Korean College Students
Yang-sook Hah, Jee Young Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2010; 19(4): 457. CrossRef
Development of a Structural Equation Model to estimate University Students' Depression
Kwang-Hi Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(6): 779. CrossRef

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Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Min Hee Kim, Eun Sun Ji; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(1):79-89. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.79

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This paper reports the results of a hospital centered follow-up program on parenting stress, parenting efficacy and coping for mothers with very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Methods

The follow-up program consisted of home visiting by an expert group and self-help program for 1 year. A non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. Participants were 70 mothers with low birth weight infants and were assigned to one of two groups, an experimental groups (n=28), which received the family support program; and a control group (n=27), which received the usual discharge education. Data were analyzed using χ²-test, t-test, and ANCOVA with IBM SPSS statistics 20.0.

Results

Mothers' parenting stress (F=5.66, p=.004) was significantly decreased in the experimental group. There were also significant increases in parenting efficacy (F=13.05, p<.001) and coping (F=8.91, p=.002) in the experimental group.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest that a follow-up program for mothers with VLBW infants is an effective intervention to decrease mothers' parenting stress and to enhance parenting efficacy and coping.

Citations

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Effects of a Community-based Follow-up Program for Parents with Premature Infants on Parenting Stress, Parenting Efficacy, and Coping
Eun Sun Ji, Ka Ka Shim
Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 366. CrossRef
Correlations between a Flexible Parental Visiting Environment and Parental Stress in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Su Jin Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jeongok Park, Hee Soon Kim
Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 377. CrossRef
Experiences of Mothers' Attachment in a Follow-Up Program Using Early Intervention for Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Jia Lee, Jinhee Choi Kang, Eun Sun Ji
Asian Nursing Research.2019; 13(3): 177. CrossRef
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Sunmi Kim, Myoung Hee Seo, Seok Hee Jeong, Hee Sun Kim, Yoon Lee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2019; 25(5): 404. CrossRef
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Hyun-Ju Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 298. CrossRef

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Development of a Coping Scale for Families of Patients with Schizophrenia: Ji Min Seo, Eun Kyung Byun, Kyung Yeon Park, So Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(5):738-748. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.738

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a coping scale for families of patients with schizophrenia(CSFPS).

Methods

Item construction was derived from literature reviews and interviews with family members and psychiatric nurses. Content validity was tested by experts. Each item was scored on a four-point Likert scale. The preliminary questionnaire was administered to 188 family members of patients with schizophrenia. The data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha.

Results

From the factor analysis, 32 items in five factors were derived. The factors were named active coping strategies, avoidance coping strategies, hospital treatment-oriented coping strategies, emotional coping strategies, and suppressive coping strategies for problematic behaviors. The five factors explained 49.7% of the total variance, Cronbach's alpha of the total items was .83 and the factors ranged from .66 to .86.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that CSFPS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure coping in families of patients with schizophrenia.

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Strategies for coping with family members of patients with mental disorders
Daniele Alcalá Pompeo, Arélica de Carvalho, Aline Morgado Olive, Maria da Graça Girade Souza, Sueli Aparecida Frari Galera
Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Violent Experiences and Coping among Home Visiting Health Care Workers in Korea: In Sook Lee, Kwang Ok Lee, Hee Sun Kang, Yeon-Hwan Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(1):66-75. Published online February 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.1.66

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore violent experiences of home visiting health care workers in Korea.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional survey. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 1,640 health care workers. Data collection was done between September 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010.

Results

Of the respondents, 70.6% had experienced work-related violence. Shouting (51.9%) was the most common verbal violence, followed by verbalizing sexual remarks to the health care workers (19.0%) and touching the hands (16.5%), the most common acts relating to sexual harassment. Of the respondents who had experienced violence, 50.9% told their peers about the incidents. However, the major reasons why they did not report these incidents was due to the fact that they felt it was useless to file reports and that they expected such incidents to occur as part of their job. The majority of the respondents (86.4%) wanted education on how to deal with such violence at work.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that efforts should be made to increase awareness and to minimize violence in the workplace. Also, educational programs should be designed to improve knowledge and to prevent workplace violence.

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Eunjoo Kim, Heeseung Choi, Ju Young Yoon
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