Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Papers

Formative versus reflective measurement models in nursing research: a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study in Korea: Eun Seo Park, Young Il Cho, Hyo Jin Kim, YeoJin Im, Dong Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2025;55(1):107-118. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24095

Abstract PDF ePub: Purpose
This study aimed to empirically verify the impact of measurement model selection on research outcomes and their interpretation through an analysis of children’s emotional and social problems measured by the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) using both reflective and formative measurement models. These models were represented by covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM), respectively.
Methods
This secondary data analysis evaluated children’s emotional and social problems as both reflective and formative constructs. Reflective models were analyzed using CB-SEM, while formative models were assessed using PLS-SEM. Comparisons between these two approaches were based on model fit and parameter estimates.
Results
In the CB-SEM analysis, which assumed a reflective measurement model, a model was not identified due to inadequate fit indices and a Heywood case, indicating improper model specification. In contrast, the PLS-SEM analysis, assuming a formative measurement model, demonstrated adequate reliability and validity with significant path coefficients, supporting the appropriateness of the formative model for the PSC.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that the PSC is more appropriately analyzed as a formative measurement model using PLS-SEM, rather than as a reflective model using CB-SEM. This study highlights the necessity of selecting an appropriate measurement model based on the theoretical and empirical characteristics of constructs in nursing research. Future research should ensure that the nature of measurement variables is accurately reflected in the choice of statistical models to improve the validity of research outcomes.

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Job Analysis of Nurse Care Coordinators for Chronic Illness Management in Primary Care Settings: Using Developing a Curriculum Process: Hwang, Ju-Hee , Choi, Yong-Jun , Kim, Mi-Sook , Yi, Seng-Eun , Park, Yong-Soon , Kim, Ji-Hyang , Yoon, Ju-Young , Shin, Dong-Soo; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(6):758-768. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21065

Purpose
This study aimed to conduct a job analysis of nurse carecoordinators and to identify the frequency, importance and difficulty of each task of their job.
Methods
A committee for developing a curriculum (DACUM) was formed and members of the committee defined nurse care coordinators’ jobs and enumerated the duties, tasks and task elements by applying the DACUM technique. Then nurse care coordinators enrolled in the pilot project evaluated the frequency, importance and difficulty of each task.
Results
From the job descriptions of nurse care coordinators, we identified 12 duties and 42 tasks. Each task comprised 1~5 task elements. Among tasks, ‘assess the patient’s general health status’ was carried out most frequently. Nurse care coordinators perceived that ‘check vital signs’ and ‘strengthen patient competence to promote health behaviors’ were more important than all other tasks. The most difficult task was ‘develop professionalism as a nurse care coordinator’.
Conclusion
The nurse care coordinators' roles developed in this study will serve as the key guidelines for human resource management of care coordinators. Further, job specifications for nurse care coordinators need to be developed, which is necessary for designing education and training programs. We also need to integrate primary health care as an essential component in nursing education.

Citations

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Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(2): 153. CrossRef

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Validity and Reliability of Korean Version of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale: Kim, Sook-Nam , Lee, Hyun-Ju , Kim, So-Young , Lee, Nayoon; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(5):617-629. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21069

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