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Research Paper
Factors Influencing Preventive Behaviors for COVID-19 in Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
Choi, Jeong Sil , Kim, Kyung Mi
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(6):554-563.   Published online December 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22047
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to determine how undergraduate nursing students’ knowledge and health beliefs affected their COVID-19-related infection-prevention behaviors.
Methods
This study used a descriptive survey. A total of 188 undergraduate nursing students from two universities in South Korea participated in this study. The data were collected from June 2020 to August 2020. Factors influencing infection-prevention behaviors were identified using multiple regression analysis.
Results
The participants’ mean knowledge level regarding COVID-19 was 84.05 ± 11.78 out of 100. The average health belief score was 2.80 ± 0.32 points out of 5. COVID-19-related preventive health behaviors were correlated with experiences of searching for COVID-19 information (r = .22, p < .01), perceived severity (r = .24, p < .01), perceived benefits (r = .29, p < .01), cues to action (r = .30, p < .01), knowledge (r = .27, p < .01), and perceived barriers (r = - .19, p < .05). Factors that significantly affected COVID-19-related preventive health behaviors were the participants’ years of study, experiences regarding COVID-19 prevention education, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and cues to action.
Conclusion
COVID-19-related preventive health behaviors are promoted by increasing awareness about the disease and promoting COVID-19 education in nursing curriculums.
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Original Articles
Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Beliefs of Korean Nursing Students as Predictors of Intentions to care for HIV Disease Patients: a Test of Theory of Reasoned Action
Hye Ra Yoo
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(3):660-672.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.3.660
AbstractAbstract PDF

No abstract available.

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Chlid Abuse in High-risk Group
Hye Young Ahn, Shin Jeong Kim, Ju Ae Ko
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(6):775-783.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.6.775
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on preventive child abuse program development. METHOD: Data were collected on 105 high-risk families of child abuse intervention was obtained from their main child rearer who raised the child under 18 years, olds during 10 months period from May, 2000 to March 2001. RESULT: The results were as follows : 1. Child abuse occurred in the subject's home, in the case of mild child abuse, 'throwing an object at the child' had the highest percentage 39.1%, in severe child abuse, 'rod, stick, belt, broom beating or using a variety of objects such as' had the highest percentage 49.5%, and in very severe child abuse, 'hospitalized by belting' had the highest percentage 3.8%. 2. The degree of child abuse potential showed high risk child abuse score with a mean of 213.3. The degree of beliefs in corporal punishment showed that subjects perceived corporal punishment of children positively with a mean of 32.2. 3. With respect to the child abuse potential, there were significant correlations with the subjects' age (r=.294, p=.002), education level (r=-.442, p=.000), and family income (r=-.355, p=.000). CONCLUSION: From this study not only child abuse occurrence but also child abuse potential were severely increased in poor livelihood families. Therefore to the high risk group, individual preventive approach must be applied.

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A Study on the Relationships between Osteoporosis Knowledge, Self-efficacy and Health Belief of Women in an Island
Kyung Rim Shin, Young Mi Kang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(1):89-99.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.1.89
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the relationships between knowledge, health belief and self-efficacy of osteoporosis with the women residents in an island. METHOD: The subjects were 64 women who lived in an island located in Incheon metropolitan city. Data collection was performed by using questionnaire that included Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale and Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale by Kim, Horan & Gendler (1991). The Data were analyzed using SAS computer program that included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULT: 1) The mean of osteoporosis knowledge was 10.03 in the range of 0 to 24, shows the relatively lower score than mean score. The mean of osteoporosis health belief variables were susceptibility 18.95, seriousness 19.05, benefits of exercise 22.35, benefits of calcium 21.81, barriers to exercise 16.95, barriers to calcium 13.13, and health motivation 19.75 in every range of 6 to 30. The mean of osteoporosis self-efficacy was 37.95 in the range of 12 to 60, shows a relatively higher score than mean score. 2) There were statistically significant differences in the degree of osteoporosis knowledge according to age, education. But There was no significant difference in the degree of osteoporosis and self-efficacy according to general characteristics. There were statistically significant differences in the degree of susceptibility according to religion, family income. There were statistically significant differences in the degree of seriousness, health motivation according to family income. There was statistically significant difference in the degree of barriers to exercise according to education. 3) There were statistically significant positive correlations between osteoporosis knowledge and benefits to exercise, benefits of calcium intake. There was statistically no significant correlation between osteoporosis knowledge and osteoporosis self-efficacy. There was statistically a significant positive correlation between osteoporosis self-efficacy and barriers to exercise. There was statistically a significant negative correlation between osteoporosis self-efficacy and health motivation. CONCLUSION: According to the result, osteoporosis education program including exercise, calcium intake should be operated to increase benefits to exercise and calcium intake for osteoporosis prevention. In addition, the program of improving self-efficacy should be designed and operated to decrease the perception of barriers to exercise and to increase the perception of health motivation of women in island.

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The Influencing Factors on Health Behavior of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Young Whee Lee, Hwa Soon Kim, Eui Young Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(1):40-49.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.1.40
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors on health behavior among patients with coronary artery disease.
METHOD
The subjects were 95 patients who visited the out-patient department of a university hospital for follow-up. The four health belief concepts (motivation, benefit, barrier, seriousness), general self-efficacy, health behaviors on medication, diet, exercise, stress management, smoking, and drinking were measured.
RESULT
There were significant differences in the health behavior scores of subjects according to family support and the experience of surgical procedure. Subjects were found to have a high degree of compliance in taking medication. However subjects reported the lowest degree of compliance in regular exercise. In the multiple regression analysis, surgical procedure and motivation were significant predictors to explain diet. Motivation and barrier were significant predictors to explain exercise. Self-efficacy, motivation and family support were significant predictors to explain stress management. Family support and seriousness explained 16% of variance in drinking. Also, family support explained 30% of variance in smoking.
CONCLUSION
Since predicting factors on each health behavior indicator were different, then nurses should consider these differences to construct strategy enhancing patient's recovery.

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Literature Review of HIV-Positive Patient Care Studies which used Concepts from Theory of Reasoned Action
Hyera Yoo
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(7):1645-1657.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.7.1645
AbstractAbstract PDF

Twenty-three research studies regarding nurses or nursing students intention to care for HIV disease patients were reviewed. Studies on this issue were sporadic and not systematic. A majority of the studies were limited to one institution at one point in time. Convenience sampling was prevalent. Only 5 studies used random sampling (Jemmott III et al., 1992; Kelly et al., 1988; Planter & Foster, 1993; Scherer et al., 1989; Van Servellen et al., 1988). Consequently the findings of most studies can not be generalized to the population at large. In addition, between 1985 and 1994, the emphasis on descriptive studies continued even though correlational and experimental studies were being conducted. The development of the body of knowledge on this issue is still in a primitive stage. Correlational or comparative studies reviewed rarely had a theoretical basis for the study questions. Only two studies were found that cited a theoretical basis (Laschinger & Goldenberg, 1993; Goldenberg & Laschinger, 1991). A variety of attitude instruments were developed by investigators and used in their own studies. The constructs of the instruments were quite varied. For example, some studies identified fear as the attitude to be measured, while others measured opinion or intention as the attitude. None of the studies reviewed reported content, construct or convergent validity of the instruments. Reliability data for most instruments used in the studies were either not reported or low. Such a lack of information limits the interpretation of the findings. Study findings were inconclusive. Some descriptive studies indicated that nurses or nursing students were willing to care for HIV disease patients, while others revealed they were not willing to do so. Three correlational studies examining the relationship between attitude and intention obtained inconsistent findings. Findings from one study (Jemmott et al., 1992) indicated a positive relationship, while others found no relationship between them (Cole & Slocumb, 1994; Jemmott et al., 1992). Descriptive studies identified that families or friends stigmatization were the important factors. Only two correlational studies on this issue were found, but study findings were inconsistent (Laschinger & Goldenberg, 1993; Glodenberg & Laschinger, 1991). Studies focusing on nursing students intentions or attitude were limited. Only 7 of the 23 research reviewed were conducted using nursing students (Lawrence & Lawrence, 1989; Lester & Beard, 1988; Mueller et al., 1992; Oerman & Gignac, 1991; Jemmott et al., 1992; Jemmott III et al., 1992; Wiely et al., 1988). This review leads to the conclusion that there is a need for study of this issue with nursing students as the target population. Studies with questions based upon a theoretical framework provide a basis for linking findings. In addition, reliable instruments and sophisticated statistical analysis are also needed when studying this topic.

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Health Belief and Performance of Health Behaviors of some University Students in Korea
Byung Sook Lee, Mi Young Kim, Mi Hyun Kim, Sun Kyung Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(1):213-224.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.1.213
AbstractAbstract PDF

Health belief is an important factor influencing the performance of health behaviors. Young adulthood is a critical period to establish health beliefs and behaviors for a healthy life. As health professionals, nurses can help young people establish more positive health beliefs and carry out health behaviors more effectively. But before attempting to help them, it is necessary to identify their health beliefs and behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify the health beliefs and health behaviors of university students in Korea. Subjects for this study were 2000 students from 10 universities, but data from only 1605 subjects was included in the analysis. Data were collected from May 5th, 1998 to June 21th, 1998. Instruments used in this study were two tools to measure 'health beliefs' and 'performance of health behaviors' that had been developed and used in previous research. Cronbach's alphas were .8737 for the tool for health beliefs and .8385 for the tool for health behaviors. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Average score of the subjects was 117.68 for health belief and 95.15 for performance of health behaviors. (2) There was a significant correlation between the health belief and the performance of health behaviors(r= .419). (3) School year, major, health status, and experience of disease in the students were important factors in the explanation of health belief(28.8%). (4) Health belief, major, health status, school year, sex, age, experience of disease in family members were important factors in the explanation of the performance of health behaviors (21.2%).

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Knowledge, Health Belief, and Self-efficacy Related to Osteoporosis
Su Jin Shin, Kyung Rim Shin, Hye Ryeon Yi, Su Kyung Ju
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(5):850-857.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.5.850
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This research was conducted to examine the relationship of knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy on osteoporosis.

Method

The design of this study was a correlative design. The subjects were 1,615 Korean adults over the age of 20 registered in a new town and participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire developed by Kim, Horan & Gendler (1991), translated into Korean.

Results

1) The subjects recorded an average score of 11.10 on osteoporosis knowledge. The average scores on the osteoporosis health beliefs was 15.68 for perceived susceptibility and the respondents recorded an average score of 40.40 for osteoporosis self-efficacy. 2) There were statistically significant differences in the degree of osteoporosis knowledge, self-efficacy and health belief according to gender, age, scholastic achievement, marital state, and jobs. 3) There were statistically significant positive correlations between osteoporosis knowledge and self-efficacy.

Conclusion

CONCLUSION: According to these results, an osteoporosis education program improving not only knowledge but also self-efficacy and health beliefs should be developed and applied to decrease the perception of barriers to exercise and intake of calcium.

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The Factors Influencing the Compliance of Breast Self-Examination of Middle-Aged Womem
Yeon Hee Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(4):721-727.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.4.721
AbstractAbstract
Purpose

This cross-sectional survey was conducted to described the compliance of Breast Self-Examination of middle-aged women using a convenient sample, and to examine relationships between the compliance of BSE and Health Beliefs, and the influencing factors on the compliance of BSE.

Methods

The subjects were 373 literate volunteers who were from 41 to 60 years of age who visited 6 public health centers. From June 7, 2004 to August 20, 2004, data were collected by 5 research assistants using a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to obtain information on the general characteristics, knowledge, health beliefs, and compliance of BSE.

Results

The findings of this study suggested that there were significant differences in the scores of the perceived susceptibility and severity between compliers and non-compliers of the BSE. BSE compliance was significantly correlated with knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity. The most powerful predictor of BSE compliance was the perceived susceptibility. The perceived susceptibility, the perceived severity, the knowledge and educational level accounted for 41.8% of the variance in middle aged women's BSE compliance.

Conclusion

Increase in knowledge about breast cancer, with a concomitant increase in both perceived susceptibility and perceived severity could produce a subtle cue or motivating force sufficient to affect a behavior change. Further research is needed to examine the qualitative difference between BSE and other early detection behaviors.

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A Comparative Study of Korean and Korean-American Women in Their Health Beliefs related to Breast Cancer and the Performance of Breast Self-Examination
Young Whee Lee, Eun Hyun Lee, Kong Bum Shin, Mi Sook Song
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(2):307-314.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.2.307
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This cross-sectional survey was undertaken to examine the differences of BSE (breast-self examination) performance and health beliefs between Korean and Korean-American women and to identify which factors influence the BSE based on the HBM variables.

Method

The study subjects were recruited from both Korea(189 women) and Cleveland in Ohio, USA(146 women). The HBM variables were measured using a reliable and valid Health Belief Model Scale. The subjects were also asked whether or not they did a BSE in the last year.

Result

The Korean-American women who performed the BSE was statistically higher than that of Korean women. Regarding to the BSE-related health belief, the scores of benefits, confidence, and health motivation was significantly higher in Korean-American. After controlling for living places, age, education, and job, barriers and confidence variables significantly explained the BSE performance of Korean and Korean-American women.

Conclusion

There was a differences in BSE-related health belief and performance between Korean and Korean-American women. Among health belief variables, barriers and confidence were core variables predicting the BSE performance of Korean and Korean-American women together.

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A Study on Regular Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior among Middle-aged Women
In Sook Cho, Young Sook Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(1):141-149.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.1.141
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

To identify the status of regular cervical cancer screening practices among middle-aged women, the associations between regular practice and research factors, and the predictive model and factors effecting such behavior was studied.

Method

Two hundred women, aged 40 to 60, were selected by convenience in one urban area of Seoul. They were asked about their regular attendance for screening, knowledge of cancer and screening, health belief, health self-determination index and certain personal factors.

Result

Approximately 54.5% of the women had periodic screening tests every 6 months to 2 years. Their knowledge of cervical cancer and health belief were at the medium level of each scale, but their health self-determination scores (HSDI) were low. Some influencing factors, and their cancer odds ratio were identified through univariate regression analysis. These variables were included in a predictive model, and this model proved to have enough fit and classification power (83.5%). In this model, the financial state, self-belief and self-determination scores were found to be significant.

Conclusion

Middle-age women's intrinsic motivation for healthy behavior was found to be low in those who felt to be in a poor financial state, had higher perceived barriers, lower perceived benefits and a lower prevalence of undergoing regular screening test.

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Cross-cultural Validation of Instruments Measuring Health Beliefs about Colorectal Cancer Screening among Korean Americans
Shin-Young Lee, Eunice E. Lee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(1):129-138.   Published online February 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.1.129
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to report the instrument modification and validation processes to make existing health belief model scales culturally appropriate for Korean Americans (KAs) regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening utilization.

Methods

Instrument translation, individual interviews using cognitive interviewing, and expert reviews were conducted during the instrument modification phase, and a pilot test and a cross-sectional survey were conducted during the instrument validation phase. Data analyses of the cross-sectional survey included internal consistency and construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

The main issues identified during the instrument modification phase were (a) cultural and linguistic translation issues and (b) newly developed items reflecting Korean cultural barriers. Cross-sectional survey analyses during the instrument validation phase revealed that all scales demonstrate good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha=.72~.88). Exploratory factor analysis showed that susceptibility and severity loaded on the same factor, which may indicate a threat variable. Items with low factor loadings in the confirmatory factor analysis may relate to (a) lack of knowledge about fecal occult blood testing and (b) multiple dimensions of the subscales.

Conclusion

Methodological, sequential processes of instrument modification and validation, including translation, individual interviews, expert reviews, pilot testing and a cross-sectional survey, were provided in this study. The findings indicate that existing instruments need to be examined for CRC screening research involving KAs.

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