No abstract available.

The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between the intention of pregnancy and the child rearing attitudes of mothers with infants. The data was collected from 138 mothers by means of an interview and questionnaire in a period from April 1 to April 30, 1997, when they came to have their infants vaccinated at one hospital and one health care center. The collected data was analyzed by means of the SPSS Program using percentage, means and standard deviation in each area and the ANOVA and Pearson correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. It showed that the mother's degree of intention of pregnancy was 3.90(+/-1.19) among the possible score of 0~5 and the score of child rearing attitudes was 70.1 among the possible score of 20~100. The mean score of the items was 3.50(+/-.36) among the possible score of 0~5. 2. There was a significant relation between the intention of pregnancy and child rearing attitudes. It was mildly positive but was significant(r=.21, p<0.05). 3. There was a significant relation between the period from marriage to the time of pregnancy and the intention of pregnancy(F=.57, p<0.05). Also, it was found out that the group of mothers who became pregnant later than 12 months after marriage wanted after pregnancy more than the group of women who were pregnant within 12 months after marriage(F=11.30, p<0.01). 4. There was a significant relation between the period from marriage to the time of pregnancy and child rearing attitudes(F=4.14, p<0.05). It showed that the child rearing attitudes of the group of women who became pregnant later than 12 months after marriage was positive(F=11.42, p<0.01). Also, in case tat the both the husband and wife decided on the pregnancy, the child rearing attitudes were more positive(F=7.15, p<0.05). In conclusion, when the intention of pregnancy was stronger, the subjects' child rearing attitudes were more positive. Also when both the husband and wife decided on the pregnancy, the attitudes were more positive. So it seems that both husband and wife should discuss and agree upon pregnancy, having a sufficient period during which both the spouses prepare for the intention of pregnancy. Additionally, it is suggested that when the husband and wife are doing family planning, it would be beneficial to use a program of 'Woman's Intention on Pregnancy' during this process.

This study was made to analyse the nursing professional attitudes and mental health of clinical nurses in order to promote good mental health and positive attitudes. The 150 subjects obtained from 3 hospitals in Seoul completed a self-report questionnaire. Demographic data was collected in addition to data about nursing professional attitudes and mental health. The data was analyzed by SAS, t-test, scheffe's test, pearson's correlation and the GLM procedures. The results of the data analysis as follows : 1) Nursing professional attitudes were positive(MS=3.76). 2) Mental health was shown to be satisfactory (MS=0.65). 3) The relationship between nursing professional attitudes and mental health of the subjects were shown to be significant according to the professional education(r=-0.19, p=0.03*), anxiety(r=-0.23, p=0.01**), hostility(r=-0.09, p=0.03*), phobicanxiety(r=-0.18, p=0.04*), but there was a significant difference according to the purist of social profit with anxiety(r=-0.17, p=0.03*). There was a significant difference according to autonomy with somatization(r=-0.23, p=0.01**), obsessive-compulsive(r=-0.22, p=0.01**), depression(r=-0.20, p=0.02*), anxiety((r=-0.17, p=0.05*). Finally, There was a significant difference according to ethics with hostility(r=-0.17, p=0.05*). 4) According to nursing professional attitudes and demographic factors there was a significant difference in the professional position(t=2.01, p=0.05*), work location(f=4.99, p=0.01**), length of employment(r=3.66, p=0.03*). 5) The nursing professional attitudes and occupational factors showed a positive correlation with the anticipation of length of employment(t=2.00, p=0.05*). 6) According to Mental health and dmographic factors there was a significant correlation with the professional position(t=-2.21, p=0.03*). 7) According to mental health and occupational factors there was a significant difference correlation. Based on the study results, the following recommendation are made : 1) Nursing education curriculum should be developed for the continuous promotion of mental of professional nurses. 2) Follow up study of identification of the variables which positively influence professional nurses attitudes.

Given the global impact of the AIDS pandemic, it is necessary to take every measure to prevent an epidemic of this disease in Korea. The only available strategy is prevention. Considering college students as a potential risk group, this study examined their knowledge of, and attitudes toward AIDS. In this study, 399 students from three colleges in Pusan and Uoolsan were examined for their attitudes to, and knowledge of AIDS. Findings indicate that the majority of the students(90%) had basic knowledge on the transmission and the prevention of the disease. However, most of them, including nursing students, lacked knowledge as to the etiological agent, major symptoms and available diagnostic techniques. To the questions designed to examine social attitude towards AIDS patients, the students showed a tendency to view AIDS patients as responsible for their own illness. Interestingly, they showed sympathy to their imaginary friends and relatives suffering from AIDS. The study findings suggest a need for the development of AIDS educational programs for college students.

INTRODUCTION: Consumerism is prevailing value in Korean society, while there has been little concern about it especially in Korean nursing society even though there has been an increasing emphasis on patients' participation in decisions concerning health care and nursing as an ideal in the literature. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The study with survey method was carried out to examine the nature of collaboration between patient and nurse in nursing practice in Korea through a replication of the studies carried out in US, Norway, Finland, an Japan (Kim et al., 1993) and to revise and test Kim's explanatory model of collaborative decision making in nursing practice from the Korean perspectives. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Both patients and nurses as groups exhibited pro-consumerist attitudes regarding collaboration in health care, while there were significant differences in attitudes and perceptions of patients and nurses. These findings are similar to those of Kim et al.' s study carried out in US, Norway, Finland, and Japan. Nurses as a group compared to patients held stronger health-care consumerist attitudes and beliefs in general. However, the Korean nurses seem to hold a weaker attitude for challenging professional authority. And the Korean patients compared to the nurses seem to hold stronger belief in the patient's right to information, as found in US, Finland, and Japan. Regarding the nurse patient collaborative attitude in decision making, it revealed that one third or more of the patients as a group believe in the patients' right to be informed of decisions that nurses make for their patients, while another one third or more of them believe in the patients' right for advisory role and joint role in nursing care decision making. This result for the patients is very similar as those found in US, Norway, Finland, and Japan. However, the attitude for the nurses held stronger agreement with patients' to be informed of decision making that nurses make than the patients' right for advisory and joint role. The nurses have weaker belief in patients' self determination on their care than the patients. The results of path analyses confirmed the explanatory models that tested two explanatory models examining the factors contributing to the differences in the attitudes of patients and nurses. The path model for nurses identified nurses' lengths of experience as the important factor explaining attitudes regarding challenging professional authority and the patient's rights for information. The path model for patients identified the level of education as the most significant factor that explains patients' attitudes regarding the rejection of general authority, challenging professional authority, and the patient's right for participation in decision making.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between health status and bathing. METHOD: The population of this study consisted of females, above age 20 in urban areas in order to control the effects of extraneous variables, resident areas, gender, and age. Four hundred and twenty-eight (428) women were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey assessed individual health status. Bathing behavior and attitudes toward bath have been measured with questionnaires designed by the authors. RESULT: The most popular bathing type was shower (46.8%). The preferred type of bath was related to health status. A common purpose of the tub-bath was relieving fatigue and hygiene, but the other purposes were different on the subjects health status. Persons with low health status took frequently tub-baths for health. Attitudes toward bath were related to health status. Women with low scores in physical health recognized more physical effects of bath than psychological effects or hygenic effects. CONCLUSION: Bathing included physical and psychological dimensions and was related to health status.

PURPOSE: This study was formed to propose a theoretical background trying to create a positive delivery experience by understanding college women's subjective accounts (their view and attitude) on delivery.
METHOD
Q- methodology was used to appreciate the highly abstract concept in an objective manner, since delivery can be assessed differently with each experience.
RESULT
There were three types of opinions about the delivery in college women. The first type (matured type) understood delivery to be a precious experience that enables women to gain the value of life through labor pain, and granted then more appreciation to their own mothers. The second type (will type) recognizes delivery as an option rather than an obligation for women. They think women chooses whether or not to experience the process, especially since delivery requires a great deal of responsibility. The third type (positive type) takes delivery as a valuable, worthwhile, and marvelous process that they wish to experience. They are not even afraid of giving birth multiple times.
CONCLUSION
The study explains and allows us to understand college women's overall opinion and attitudes about delivery. Thus this study aids the seizure of an opportunity to build a theoretical base for delivery management.

Twenty-three research studies regarding nurses or nursing students intention to care for HIV disease patients were reviewed. Studies on this issue were sporadic and not systematic. A majority of the studies were limited to one institution at one point in time. Convenience sampling was prevalent. Only 5 studies used random sampling (Jemmott III et al., 1992; Kelly et al., 1988; Planter & Foster, 1993; Scherer et al., 1989; Van Servellen et al., 1988). Consequently the findings of most studies can not be generalized to the population at large. In addition, between 1985 and 1994, the emphasis on descriptive studies continued even though correlational and experimental studies were being conducted. The development of the body of knowledge on this issue is still in a primitive stage. Correlational or comparative studies reviewed rarely had a theoretical basis for the study questions. Only two studies were found that cited a theoretical basis (Laschinger & Goldenberg, 1993; Goldenberg & Laschinger, 1991). A variety of attitude instruments were developed by investigators and used in their own studies. The constructs of the instruments were quite varied. For example, some studies identified fear as the attitude to be measured, while others measured opinion or intention as the attitude. None of the studies reviewed reported content, construct or convergent validity of the instruments. Reliability data for most instruments used in the studies were either not reported or low. Such a lack of information limits the interpretation of the findings. Study findings were inconclusive. Some descriptive studies indicated that nurses or nursing students were willing to care for HIV disease patients, while others revealed they were not willing to do so. Three correlational studies examining the relationship between attitude and intention obtained inconsistent findings. Findings from one study (Jemmott et al., 1992) indicated a positive relationship, while others found no relationship between them (Cole & Slocumb, 1994; Jemmott et al., 1992). Descriptive studies identified that families or friends stigmatization were the important factors. Only two correlational studies on this issue were found, but study findings were inconsistent (Laschinger & Goldenberg, 1993; Glodenberg & Laschinger, 1991). Studies focusing on nursing students intentions or attitude were limited. Only 7 of the 23 research reviewed were conducted using nursing students (Lawrence & Lawrence, 1989; Lester & Beard, 1988; Mueller et al., 1992; Oerman & Gignac, 1991; Jemmott et al., 1992; Jemmott III et al., 1992; Wiely et al., 1988). This review leads to the conclusion that there is a need for study of this issue with nursing students as the target population. Studies with questions based upon a theoretical framework provide a basis for linking findings. In addition, reliable instruments and sophisticated statistical analysis are also needed when studying this topic.

The aims of this study were to identify the effects on sexual role identity and sexual attitude of the A-V programed sexual education on Oct. 1. 1997 through Sep. 30, 2000. The program was focused on the formation of the desirable sexual activity, attitude and androgyny sexual role identity of the Korean adolescents, and that was the 25 minute VTR media "Our sexuality is healthful". This study was non equivalent post-test only quasi-experimental design, and the subjects were 530 middle school boys in Busan, Korea. After the manipulation, the change of sexual role identity and sexual attitude was analysed. Outcome measures were middle school boys' sexual role identity toward KSRI on a seven-point Likert scale and sexual attitudes toward SAS on a five-point Likert scale. The data was analysed by SPSS WIN. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The experimental group who was exposed to the A-V media produced by the author showed the higher score of androgyny sexual role identity than the control group who didn't watch the A-V program. 2) The experimental group showed the higher rate of the androgyny than the control group, On the other hand, their rate of the masculinity turned out to be lower than the latter group. 3) The experimental group didn't show the difference of SAS score from the control group. In conclusion, "Our sexuality is Healthful" A-V program for sexual education brought about the significant change of sexual role identity of the middle school boys, but didn't affect their attitude toward sexual activity.

The relationship between the attitude and satisfaction for sexuality of pregnant women was observed to provide rationales of nursing intervention to help promote healthy sexual lifestyles. Questionnaires were collected from 211 obstetric outpatients of H university hospital in C city, Korea from February to May 1999. The research tools were D.S.F.I (Derogatis Sexual Function Inventory in Korean, Chronbach's alpha= 0.710) and Sexuality Satisfaction Method (Kim, 1997, Chronbach's alpha =0.864). Data was analyzed for frequency, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, t-test and ANOVA by Windows SAS. The results of this study were as follows: Mean age of the subjects were 29.8; the average score of attitude to sex was moderate (27.60), and that of satisfaction sex was high (54.11); the positive relationship was shown between attitude and satisfaction for sexuality (r=0.51, p=.000); the higher educational and income levels of pregnant women and their husbands, were the better the attitude and satisfaction for was; professional women had better attitude than housewives. According to the results, it is suggested that the study is necessary to develop an effective nursing intervention related with the sexuality of pregnant women.

The study was designed to identify the attitude of nursing students to fundamental nursing practice through Q-methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of the literature and interviews. Forty statements made up the finalized Q-sample. The P sample consisted of 25 nursing students in S College. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the 25 subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sort by each subject was coded and analyzed with QUANL PC Program. The analysis discovered three major attitudes, namely "type 1: passive demand", "type 2: active self-confidence", "type 3: practical application". The correlation was .213 between type 1 and 2, .409 between type 1 and 3, .379 between t ype 2 and 3. The results revealed three different types of fundamental nursing practice attitude; 1) Passive demand type: they were not satisfied with fundamental nursing practice time, the number of persons, practice machines. They presented anxiety and worry through fundamental nursing practice. Therefore, they will presenta passive attitude of clinical practice experience. 2) Active self-confidence type: they experienced pride as a nursing student and fascination as a nurse was an acquired recognition. 3) Practical application type: they practiced that fundamental nursing skill was applied their family and oneself. Therefore they had tension through initial fundamental nursing practice but they gained self-confidence and interest through practical study. In conclusion, the researchers suggest that the education program would be more effective if it was planned considering to each types of attitude of nursing students for fundamental nursing practice.

This study attempts to identify attitudes of community leaders toward mental illness in order to obtain useful information concerning the planning of community mental health services. The community sample consists of 50 community leaders including, civil servants, doctors, herb doctors, school nurses, counselors, village leaders, pharmacists, and pastors. Individuals were asked to give demographic data, their personal attitudes toward mental illness' etymology and prognosis, and toward neighbors who are psychiatric patients. The interview with open questions was used to collect data. According to the study community leaders 82% believed than mental illness could be treated, 66% believed that mental illness was caused by genetic factors and environmental stress, and 76% had negative impressions about mentally ill people such as fear, seclusion, asylum, also crime. Only 28% of mentally ill people were accepted as neighbors in community. 52% of community leaders rejected opening of mental hospital, and thought that the Chunchon community needed facilities such as group homes, or day care centers(30%), however, 34% of the leaders they didn't recognize community mental health. These findings suggest that mental health professionals need to pay special attention to change the attitude of Chunchon community leaders and mental health institutions need to a develop mental health education program for community leaders.

This study was performed to compare the transcultural differences on perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes and sex role acceptance between Korean and American college students. The subjects, 2557 nursing students were selected from 13 universities all around Korea, and 4 universities in the eastern, western, and middle areas of the United States. The data were collected using the MDQ(Menstrual Distress Questionnaire by Moos), the MAQ(Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire) and the Sex Role Acceptance Scale, the subjects answered the MDQ for three points(premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual based on their recollections) between July, 1996 and April, 1997. The findings are as follows : 1. There were significant differences in the age of menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle between the Koreans and the Americans. 2. As for sex role acceptance, Americans more frequently denied the traditional female role than did Koreans. 3. There were significant differences between the two groups on five categories of menstrual attitude(menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically, menstruation is a bothersome phenomena. menstruation is a natural phenomena, and menstruation is a phenomena that does not influence women's behaviors non is expected to). 4, For the menstrual discomfort scores, there were significant differences between the two groups on all six categories of the MDQ(pain, attention deficit, behavioral changes, ANS response, water retention, and negative emotion) for the three points(premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual period). 5. The most common complaints for the Korean women were pain during the perimenstrual period and fatigue during the intermenstrual period. In contrast, for the Americans the most common complaint was negative emotions during the perimenstrual period, but less pain than the Koreans, and a similarity to Koreans during the intermenstrual period. 6. Regularity of the menstrual cycle was positively correlated with age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and duration of menstruation. 7. For the interrelationship between of Perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and sex role acceptance, there were significant correlations for both group as follows : First, the MA category "menstruation is a bothering phenomena" was negatively correlated with sex role acceptance, second, the MA category "menstruation is a phenomena that weakens the women physically and psychologically" was positively correlated with the MA category "menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena." For the further research, it is recommended that efficient nursing intervention programs for perimenstrual discomforts, be developed and qualitative re search to demonstrate the cultural differences as the feminism view point be done.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze types of nurse's attitudes toward the aging process. METHODS: A Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four selected Q-statements from each of 38 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Five types of attitudes towards the aging process from research subjects in Korean nurses were identified. Type I is a positive acceptance type, Type II is a negative acceptance type, Type III is a passive coping type, Type IV is an active coping type, and Type V is an ambiguous acceptance type. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of educational programs for elderly care are recommended based on the five types of nurse's attitude toward the aging process.