Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Volume 49(6); December 2019

Review Article

Effects of Aromatherapy on Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Mi-Eun Kim, Ji Hee Jun, Muyng-Haeng Hur; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):655-676. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.655

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality.

Methods

This is a systematic review of randomized controlled trial studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42017064519). In this study, the PICO were adults and the elderly, aromatherapy intervention, a comparative intervention with the control and placebo oil groups, and sleep. The selected articles were in English, Korean, and Chinese.

Results

The results of the meta-analysis showed that the effect sizes of the experimental group were 1.03 (n=763, SMD=1.03, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.39) (Z=5.47, p<.001). In the aromatherapy intervention group, the effect size of sleep was statistically significant (Q_B=9.39, df=2, p=.009), with a difference of 0.77 for inhalation, 1.12 for oral intake and 2.05 for massage. A post-analysis showed that the effect of massage on sleep was significantly greater than the inhalation method. The regression coefficient of the intervention period, B=0.01 (Z=1.43, p=.154), also showed that the longer the intervention period, the larger the effect size; however, it was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

A total of 23 literature analyses showed that aromatherapy is effective in improving quality of sleep, and the massage method is more effective in improving quality of sleep than the inhalation method. A meta-ANOVA showed that the aromatherapy intervention affected the high heterogeneity of the effect size. Thus, future research with stricter control in methods and experimental procedures is necessary.

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Efficacy of Aromatherapy Against Behavioral and Psychological Disturbances in People With Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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Effects of aromatherapy on sore throat, nasal symptoms and sleep quality in adults infected with COVID-19: A randomized controlled trial
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Original Articles

Adaptation to Motherhood in Central Asian-Korean Immigrants to Korea: A Grounded Theory Study: Su Hyun Kim, Hyang-In Cho Chung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):677-689. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.677

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This qualitative study aimed to develop a substantive theory of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea.

Methods

Individual, in-depth interviews were conducted from July to September 2017, with 18 women who emigrated of Korean ethnicity from Central Asia to Korea, and took care of their baby for at least a year after their first delivery in Korea. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data from the transcriptions were analyzed through Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory method, and data analysis was conducted simultaneously with data collection.

Results

As a result of categorizing the interview data through the process of open coding, 10 categories, with 31 subcategories and 102 concepts were drawn, and “growth as a Central Asian-Korean mother in an unfamiliar, historical hometown” was found to be the core category of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea.

Conclusion

A characteristic of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea, drawn from this study, is that it differs according to the level of initiative to carry out interaction strategies, and the use of various supportive social resources. The findings indicate the need for Medicare eligibility adjustment for antenatal care, the extension of the visa renewal period during childbirth, the development of web- or mobile application-based educational programs in Russian language, and the establishment of integrated visiting healthcare services, community service resources, and policy support to enable these women to utilize various supportive social resources.

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Web-based program for sexual and reproductive health education of immigrant women: A scoping review protocol
Suhyun Kim, Aeri Jang, Ileana B. Heredia-Pi
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(5): e0298551. CrossRef
Effects of Maternal Adjustment Enhancement Program Using Mobile-Based Education for Chinese Immigrant Women in Korea: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Ju-Eun Song, Eun Ha Roh, Youn-Jeong Kim, Jeong-Ah Ahn
Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2022; 33(6): 685. CrossRef
Adaptation in pregnant women: a descriptive phenomenological study using Giorgi’s approach
Minseon Koh, Jisoon Kim, Sukhee Ahn
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2020; 26(4): 346. CrossRef
Influence of Stress and Anxiety on Depression in Central Asian Koreans in Korea
Hyun-Bok Lee, Myeong-Suk Cho, Hyo-Ja An, Jeong-A Ko
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2020; 29(4): 339. CrossRef

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Comparison of Awareness about Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among Female College Students by Drinking Levels: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior: Saem Yi Kang, Hae Won Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):690-700. Published online January 17, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.690

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of alcohol use during pregnancy and factors influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy by drinking levels.

Methods:

Utilizing a comparative descriptive design, a total of 359 female college students were recruited. Measurements were Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables related awareness of alcohol use during pregnancy, Korean Version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, knowledge about alcohol use during pregnancy, and socio-demographic factors. Main variables were compared by drinking levels. The factors influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy were identified using hierarchical regression analysis.

Results:

Non-problematic alcohol behavior group (n=185) had higher the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy than problematic alcohol behavior group (n=174) (t=3.13, p=.002). The significant TPB variables influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy were that attitudes (β =-.44, p<.001), subjective norms (β =.14, p=.026), and perceived behavior control (β =.19, p=.002) in non-problematic alcohol behavior group, whereas the corresponding variables in the problematic alcohol behavior group were attitudes (β =-.51, p<.001) and subjective norms (β =.21, p=.006).

Conclusion:

It is necessary to increase the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy for the female college students having problematic alcohol behavior. The following strategies are recommended for them; decreasing acceptable attitudes toward alcohol use during pregnancy and reinforcing the influence of social pressure toward to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy.

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Preconception Care: Intention to Action- An Intervention Based on the Planned Behavior Theory for Maternal and Neonatal Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Maryam Valayi Aziz, Katayon Vakilian, Mahboobeh Khorsandi, Mehdi Ranjbaran
Current Women s Health Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
INDIVIDUAL AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS OF HARMFUL DRINKING AMONG FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS: AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
Jinyoung ParK, Chang Gi Park, Sunah Kim
ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gender differences in willingness for childbirth, fertility knowledge, and value of motherhood or fatherhood and their associations among college students in South Korea, 2021
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The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(4): 421. CrossRef

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Patterns of Drinking Behaviors and Predictors of Class Membership among Adolescents in the Republic of Korea: A Latent Class Analysis: Haein Lee, Sunhee Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):701-712. Published online January 17, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.701

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose:

Despite the high drinking rates and the complexity of drinking behaviors in adolescents, insufficient attention has been paid to their drinking patterns. Therefore, we aimed to identify patterns of adolescent drinking behaviors and factors predicting the distinct subgroups of adolescent drinking behaviors.

Methods:

We analyzed nationally representative secondary data obtained in 2017. Our final sample included 24,417 Korean adolescents who had consumed at least one glass of alcohol in their lifetime. To investigate patterns of drinking behaviors, we conducted a latent class analysis using nine alcohol-related characteristics, including alcohol consumption levels, solitary drinking, timing of drinking initiation, and negative consequences of drinking. Furthermore, we investigated differences in demographics, mental health status, and characteristics of substance use across the latent classes identified in our study. To do so, we used the PROC LCA with COVARIATES statement in the SAS software.

Results:

We identified three latent classes of drinking behaviors: current non-drinkers (CND), binge drinkers (BD), and problem drinkers (PD). Compared to the CND class, both BD and PD classes were strongly associated with higher academic year, lower academic performance, higher levels of stress, suicidal ideation, lifetime conventional or electronic cigarette use, and lifetime use of other drugs.

Conclusion:

Health professionals should develop and implement intervention strategies targeting individual subgroups of drinking behaviors to obtain better outcomes. In particular, health professionals should consider different characteristics across subgroups of adolescent drinking behaviors when developing the interventions, such as poor mental health status and other substance use among binge and problem drinkers.

Citations

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Examining suicidality and substance use among Korean adolescents: a latent class analysis study
Serim Lee, Jinyung Kim
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Associations between binge drinking experience, depressive mood, and suicidality in adolescents: Based on the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
Mi-Sun Lee, Hooyeon Lee
Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 323: 386. CrossRef

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Incidence of Colon Cancer Related to Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective Cohort Study: Ahra Jo, Heeyoung Oh; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):713-723. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.713

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on the incidence of colon cancer in adults with metabolic syndrome.

Methods

This study employed a longitudinal study design and utilized secondary data drawn from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The data of a sample of 2,327 adults with metabolic syndrome tracked every two years from 2001 to 2014 were used in this study. Statistical data analyses of the frequency, number of cases per 100,000 person-years, log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier curve, and Cox's proportional hazards regression were performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 24.

Results

During the observation period, the number of colon cancer cases was 46, and the total person-years were 252,444. The incidence of colon cancer was higher in current, over 10 pack-year smokers when compared to non-smokers (hazard ratio=3.38, 95% confidence interval=1.09~8.42).

Conclusion

Excessive and long-term smoking should be avoided to prevent colon cancer, especially in adults with metabolic syndrome, since it might exacerbate the risk factors of colon cancer. Particularly, health professionals need to provide individualized smoking cessation interventions to those at high risk of colon cancer.

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Path Analysis for Delirium on Patient Prognosis in Intensive Care Units: Sunhee Lee, Sun-Mi Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):724-735. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.724

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate relationship between delirium, risk factors on delirium, and patient prognosis based on Donabedian's structure-process-outcome model.

Methods

This study utilized a path analysis design. We extracted data from the electronic medical records containing delirium screening data. Each five hundred data in a delirium and a non-delirium group were randomly selected from electronic medical records of medical and surgical intensive care patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and AMOS 24.

Results

In the final model, admission via emergency department (B=.06, p=.019), age over 65 years (B=.11, p=.001), unconsciousness (B=.18, p=.001), dependent activities (B=.12, p=.001), abnormal vital signs (B=.12, p=.001), pressure ulcer risk (B=.12, p=.001), enteral nutrition (B=.12, p=.001), and use of restraint (B=.30, p=.001) directly affecting delirium accounted for 56.0% of delirium cases. Delirium had a direct effect on hospital mortality (B=.06, p=.038), hospital length of stay (B=5.06, p=.010), and discharge to another facility (not home) (B=.12, p=.001), also risk factors on delirium indirectly affected patient prognosis through delirium.

Conclusion

The use of interventions to reduce delirium may improve patient prognosis. To improve the dependency activities and risk of pressure ulcers that directly affect delirium, early ambulation is encouraged, and treatment and nursing interventions to remove the ventilator and drainage tube quickly must be provided to minimize the application of restraint. Further, delirium can be prevented and patient prognosis improved through continuous intervention to stimulate cognitive awareness and monitoring of the onset of delirium. This study also discussed the effects of delirium intervention on the prognosis of patients with delirium and future research in this area.

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A Topic Modeling Analysis for Online News Article Comments on Nurses' Workplace Bullying: Jiyeon Kang, Soogyeong Kim, Seungkook Roh; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):736-747. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.736

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study aimed to explore public opinion on workplace bullying in the nursing field, by analyzing the keywords and topics of online news comments.

Methods

This was a text-mining study that collected, processed, and analyzed text data. A total of 89,951 comments on 650 online news articles, reported between January 1, 2013 and July 31, 2018, were collected via web crawling. The collected unstructured text data were preprocessed and keyword analysis and topic modeling were performed using R programming.

Results

The 10 most important keywords were “work” (37121.7), “hospital” (25286.0), “patients” (24600.8), “woman” (24015.6), “physician” (20840.6), “trouble” (18539.4), “time” (17896.3), “money” (16379.9), “new nurses” (14056.8), and “salary” (13084.1). The 22,572 preprocessed key words were categorized into four topics: “poor working environment”, “culture among women”, “unfair oppression”, and “society-level solutions”.

Conclusion

Public interest in workplace bullying among nurses has continued to increase. The public agreed that negative work environment and nursing shortage could cause workplace bullying. They also considered nurse bullying as a problem that should be resolved at a societal level. It is necessary to conduct further research through gender discrimination perspectives on nurse workplace bullying and the social value of nursing work.

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Topic Modeling and Keyword Network Analysis of News Articles Related to Nurses before and after “the Thanks to You Challenge” during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Eun Kyoung Yun, Jung Ok Kim, Hye Min Byun, Guk Geun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(4): 442. CrossRef
A Network Analysis of Research Topics and Trends in End-of-Life Care and Nursing
Kisook Kim, Seung Gyeong Jang, Ki-Seong Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(1): 313. CrossRef
Silent Counterattack: The Impact of Workplace Bullying on Employee Silence
Xiwei Liu, Shenggang Yang, Zhu Yao
Frontiers in Psychology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Reliability and Validity of the Bullying Measurement in Korean Nurses' Workplace
Hyo-Suk Song, So-Hee Lim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2020; 26(5): 478. CrossRef
Relationship of Workplace Violence to Turnover Intention in Hospital Nurses: Resilience as a Mediator
Hyun-Jung Kang, Jaeyong Shin, Eun-Hyun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(5): 728. CrossRef

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Effects of Spouse-Participated Health Coaching for Male Office Workers with Cardiocerebrovascular Risk Factors: So Hee Kang, Seon Young Hwang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):748-759. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.748

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study aimed to examine the effect of spouses participating in health coaching on stage of the change, health behaviors, and physiological indicators among male office workers with cardiocerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and compare the findings with trainers who provided health coaching only to workers.

Methods

A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants from a manufacturing research and development company in the city of Gyeonggi province. The health coaching program for the experimental group (n=26) included individual counseling sessions according to workers' stage of change, and provision of customized health information materials on CVD prevention to workers and their spouses for 12 weeks through mobile phone and email.

Results

After 12 weeks of intervention, the total score for health behavior, and scores on the sub-areas of exercise and health checkups significantly improved in the experimental group, but there were no significant differences in the scores of stage of the change and physical indicators. The results of a paired t-test showed a significant decrease in the body mass index, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride values, and a significant increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol value in the experimental group after the intervention.

Conclusion

To improve the health of male workers with CVD risk factors in the workplace, sharing health information with their spouses has proven to be more effective than health coaching for only workers. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to encourage spousal participation when planning workplace health education for changing health-related behaviors.

Citations

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Effects of a Health Partnership Program Using Mobile Health Application for Male Workers with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eun Jin Kim, Seon Young Hwang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(1): 44. CrossRef
Effects of a Remote Physical Activity Improvement Program on Male Office Workers with Metabolic Syndrome in Their 30s and 40s with Sedentary Behavior: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kyong Sil Park, Seon Young Hwang
Asian Nursing Research.2024; 18(2): 81. CrossRef
An intervention study of a combined intervention of positioning and hand massage in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation
Yun Kyeong Lee, Mihae Im, Haeryun Cho
Nursing Open.2023; 10(3): 1404. CrossRef

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The Scope of Practice for Registered Nurses in 64 South Korean Laws: Sungkyoung Choi, Seung Gyeong Jang, Won Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):760-770. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.760

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The role of registered nurses is expanding in scope as the healthcare paradigm shifts from acute, hospital-based care to community and population-based care. Given this paradigm shift, this study explores the legal aspects of the role of a registered nurse.

Methods

We used document analysis for extracting laws and legal orders related to nursing from the entirety of Korean law. Using textualism approach, we examined the contents utilizing a framework that was developed based on the role classification of community nurses by Clark in this study.

Results

A total of 119 items related to nursing were derived from 64 laws. Of these, 71.4 % can be performed by people in multiple types of occupations including nurses. As a result of analyzing required qualifications, 45.4% of 119 items required additional qualifications besides registered nurse license. Analysis of workplace and activity type demonstrated that 26.1% of the 119 items were related to medical institutions, with nurses performing mostly “Client-oriented role.” More than half (68.9%) were non-medical institutions, with nurses performing mostly “Delivery-oriented role.” Some, however, did not stipulate the nurse's roles clearly.

Conclusion

Therefore, to match the enhanced scope and responsibilities of registered nurses and to appropriately recognize, guide, and hold these nurses accountable, laws and policy must reflect these changes. In doing so, these updated laws and policies will ultimately serve as a basis for improving the quality and safety of nursing services.

Citations

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Role of community health officers: opportunities and challenges
Namita Batra, Kamlesh K. Sharma
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health.2025; 12(3): 1557. CrossRef
Analysis of issues related to nursing law: Examination of news articles using topic modeling
JooHyun Lee, Hyoung Eun Chang, Jaehyuk Cho, Seohyun Yoo, Joonseo Hyeon, Andrea Cioffi
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(8): e0308065. CrossRef
Relationships among basic psychological needs, organizational commitment, perceived authentic leadership and turnover intention in Korean nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Jina Hwang, Eun Kyeung Song, Sangjin Ko
Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(7): 2176. CrossRef
The Current Status of the Administrative Dispositions of Nurses: A Nationwide Survey in South Korea
Suyoung KIM, Sanghee KIM
Journal of Nursing Research.2021; 29(5): e170. CrossRef
Association of the Magnitude of Nurses With the Use of Health Information Exchanges: Analyzing the National Health Insurance Claim Data of Hospitals and Clinics in Korea
Young-Taek Park, Yeon Sook Kim, Yun-Jung Heo, Jae-Ho Lee, Hyejung Chang
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The conundrum of professionalising building surveying in Malaysia
Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz, Subashini Suresh, Suresh Renukappa
International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation.2020; 38(5): 621. CrossRef

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The Effect of a Social Skills Program on Violent Behaviors in Children Aged 60~72 Months: Tülay Kuzlu Ayyildiz, Güler Cimete; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):771-782. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.771

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To determine the effects of a child and parent program on developing social skills for preventing violent behaviors in children aged 60~72 months through a specially developed pre and posttest, control group, quasi-experimental study.

Methods

A social skills development program based on Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory was used. The data were collected using the Social Skills Assessment Scale (SSAS), a Chart to Monitor Verbal and Behavioral Violence in Children, the Parental Attitude Scale and the Parent Interview Form. This quasi-experimental study that included a pretest, posttest, and control group had a sample comprising 67 children and parents, with 36 in the experimental group, and 31 in the control group.

Results

Over a six-month period, while the social skill scores of the children in the experimental and control groups increased, their violent behaviors decreased (p<.050). Increase in social skill scores and decrease in violent behaviors were higher in the experimental than in the control group children (p<.050). The parents in the experimental group stated that they had started to empathize with their children, using “I” language, and applied rules more consistently after the program.

Conclusion

This program was successful in preventing violent behaviors in children through the development of social skills. Hence, it can be effectively implemented through a teacher/nurse collaboration.

Citations

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Effects of School-Based Interventions Implemented by Nurses for Children Aged 3-6 Years: A Systematic Review of Experimental Evidence
Gökçe Algül, Ebru Kılıçarslan
SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Factors Relating to the Quality of Care for Nursing Home Residents in Korea: Using the Delphi Method: Juh Hyun Shin, Eun Mee Kim, Ji Yeon Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):783-794. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.783

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study identified factors related to the quality of care in nursing homes, and elicited consensus opinions from experts on nursing homes.

Methods

A Delphi questionnaire was developed based on a review of the literature using the keywords “nursing homes,” “workforce,” and “quality of care.” A total of two Delphi surveys were conducted with 14 experts. The important and urgent factors related to the quality of care for nursing home residents emerged.

Results

A consensus was achieved on the important and urgent factors relating to the quality of care. The related factors were grouped into four sections: Organizational Characteristics, Staffing Characteristics, the Long-Term Care Market and Legal and Policy Issues, and Nursing Processes. In total, 23 items were important factors and 26 items were urgent factors relating to the quality of care. In addition, the unanimous advocacy by the experts for increased hours per resident day for registered nurses (RNs, 41 minutes 59 seconds) was much higher than the current hours per resident day of RNs in Korea.

Conclusion

To provide optimal care for residents in nursing homes in Korea, the mandatory and essential placement of RNs with professional knowledge and skills is paramount.

Citations

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The effects of special nursing units in nursing homes on healthcare utilization and cost: A case-control study using propensity score matching
Eunhee Cho, Eun-Young Kim, Kyung Hee Lee, Hye-Ryoung Kim, Seonhwa Choi, Yea Seul Yoon, EunKyo Kim, Seok-Jae Heo, Se Young Jung, Jiyoon Jang
International Journal of Nursing Studies.2023; 147: 104587. CrossRef
Effects of registered nurse staffing levels, work environment, and education levels on adverse events in nursing homes
Seonhwa Choi, Eunhee Cho, Eunkyo Kim, Kyongeun Lee, Soo Jung Chang
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cost of Care and Pattern of Medical Care Use in the Last Year of Life among Long-Term Care Insurance Beneficiaries in South Korea: Using National Claims Data
Sunjoo Boo, Jungah Lee, Hyunjin Oh
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(23): 9078. CrossRef
Impact of Nurse Staffing, Skill Mix and Stability on Resident Health Outcomes in Korean Nursing Homes
Juh Hyun Shin, Gui Yun Choi, Jiyeon Lee
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2020; 22(4): 291. CrossRef
The Effects of Long-term Care Hospitals' Nurse Staffing Level on Patient Outcomes: Differences according to Region
Kyung Jin Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2020; 26(4): 354. CrossRef

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