It is needed that nursing scholars in Korea should understand the philosophy and perspectives of oriental medicine, and then explore the possiblities of theory building which can be a Korean's unique nursing theory. With the assumption of this kind of work can be achieved by cooperation of oriental medicine and nursing areas, this study measures the subjectivity-opinions, attitudes, and values- of professional from these two areas. Identifing the schemata (structure of subjectivity) would be a basic step for the strategies and construction of oriental nursing theory. The Q-sorts of 57 prefessionals were combined into five distinctive factors, namely, Q-types, The five factors were named as follows: Type I, Fundamentalist, consistently insists that the understanding of oriental medicine should be a basic step for the development of oriental nursing model, because ororiental medicine's theories and practices in curing are very unique and different from the western. Type ?, Pessimist, denies the uniqueness of oriental nursing field and its independency, because of lack of scientific evidences and professionalism. Type ?, Harmonist, believes the basic concepts in two different medical spheres are identical, but, at the same time, accept the uniqueness of the two. They try to propose Korean Nursing Model which accomodates local culture and conventions, and the way of Nurturing Life(Yang-sang), based on the traditional western nursing. Type IV. Needy Follower, merely expects the Korean Nursing Model which considers the characteristics of Koreas culture and physical constitution and, thus, is more suitable to them. Sometimes, they experience the discontent and conflict when they need more qualitative and culture-oriented nursing interventions. Type V, Alternative Giver, actully clarifies the concept of Oriental Nursing, and provides specific program as a alternative of universal western nursing. Various ways of Nurturing Life(mental, life, and diet Yang -sang) were introduced as a guideline for the specification of the nursing area and its content. Throughout the study, the five different Q-factors were identified, and the concept of Oriental Nursing and aspects of its theory construction were discussed.

This study attempted to identify important problems of the factors related to the indwelling catheter with closed drainage and to enhance recognization of Urinary Tract Infection management to protect patients with indwelling catheter fromUTI. We selected the 58 patients with indwelling catheter with closed drainage from med-surg. intensive care units, and general neurological and neuro-surgical ward, in one hospital in Pusan, Korea from May 30 to October 15, 1993. Patients were examined by urinary analysis before inserting catheter and then by urine cultures three times. The obtained data was analized using an SPSS/PC+ The statistical analyses employed here was the frequency, percentage and x2-tests. 1. Analyses for Indwelling Catheter induced UTI and infection rates were found to be presented in patients related to the factors of being on antibiotic drugs(x2=14.105, p=.000) and the duration of the indwelling catheter(x2=58.0, p=.000), both of which were found to affect the UTI. 2. UTI rates according to the duration of the indwelling catheter were high 8.6% for the 2nd day, 27.6 for the 4th day, and 36.2% for the 7th day, and as the duration for the indwelling catheter was longer, UTI rates were higher. 3. The UTI rates according to the duration of the indwelling catheter related ro factors, on the 7th day, were high- 52.0% for women, 37.0% for more than 50 years in ages, 30.0% for patients under surgery, 33.3% for altered mental states outsides the alert, 76.7% for patients not given antibiotic drugs, 36.4% for less than 3500cc of fluids intakes, it was found that these affected to increase the UTI. 4. Causative organisms of UTI were found; E.Coli appears the most than all other isolated organisms in women and Klebsiella and Pseudomonas in men. For antibiotic susceptibility of causative organisms, all causative organisms were found to be susceptible to Sul-cefoperazone, Trim-prim, and unasyn and Pseudomonas mostly not susceptible.

This study was initiated to find the characteristic awareness of disease in Korean culture and then, with its applying to psychological nursing, to help cancer victims cope with their disease. Research period was from Dec. 1, 1989 to Aug. 3, 1992. The research method, while the method of face-to-face interview with 33 cancer victims were mainly adopted, was to identify the causal perception through analyses of literature and traditional sayings deeply rooted in Korean culture. The causal perceptions were differentiated into 4 sections, which apply to 32 cancer victims with Q-sorting. Being coded into grades from 1 to 9, the data were analyzed with the aid of Quanal program on PC; in analyzing Q-factor principal component anaysis method was used. The results were revealed as follows: 1. Subject victims owe their disease to 1) the omnipotent and animating powers in Shamanism rooted in Korean culture, 2) their intimate persons, i.e. their husband, wife, children, or other fellows among their groups. 3) victims themselves, and 4) nowhere, for they thought the disease is the struggle with their own self. 2. In Q-methodology anaysis, cancer victims are categorized into 5 types. The first type, self-mastery type, consisting of 11 subjects, has the characteristic of overcoming their disease with their own strong will or by the help of the Omnipotent God, which is estimated to be the ideal type to cope with the disease. The second type, omnipotent and animating powers-dependent type, consisted of 7 subjects, who have the causal perception of traditional shamanism. The third type, intimate person-dependent type, consisted of 4, all of whom are women and whose causal perception has the characteristic of the their complains about each member of their family, espectially about their husband. The fourth type, fate-recipient type, was the complex form of the first and the second types. It consisted of 6 subjects, to whom cancer had meant bad fate coming on them but had to be overcome by their strong will. The fifth type, personal type, consisted of 4, whose causal perception is toward themselves personality. It is hoped that the study provide the chance of developing nursing intervention to help cancer victims accept and overcome their disease as their own reality instead of attributing to anyone or anything else.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on changes in the vital signs of patients about to undergo an operation. The patients listened to the music at a time when they were feeling preoperative anxiety up until the preanesthesia was given in the operating room. The subjects for this study were selected from sixty patients to undergo operations, who were hospitalized at Dong Eui hospital in Pusan city. They were assigned to two groups, thirty to the experimental group and thirty to the control group. The subjects were from 20 years old to 69 years old, and had no other problem except the one requiring the operation, and no premedication. The data were collected during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1993. The method used in this study was to measure state-anxiety on the ward in the morning of the operation, and vital signs immediately before leaving for the operating room. Vital signs were measured immediately before the anesthesia was given and after the experimental group had listened to the music during the ten minutes needed to prepare the operation setting. The control group just waited during ten mimutes. Vital signs were check again before the anesthesia was given. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, mean +/- SD, p-value, and t-test using the SPSS progrom. The results of this study are: 1. Systolic blood pressure taken in the operating room was elevated, over the level measured on the ward, by 5.00 +/- 15.26mmHg in experimental group and 18.67 +/- 14.56mmHg in control group. (t=-3.5496, p=.0008) 2. Diastolic blood pressure was elevated by 6.67 +/- 12.95mmHg in experimental group and 18.67 +/- 12. 79mmHg in control group. (t=-3.6100, p=.0006) 3. Pulse was elevated by 2.93 +/- 9.44/min in exper-imental group and 8.03 +/- 8.37/min in control group. (t=-2.2144, p=.0307) 4. Respiration was elevated by 0.60 +/- 1.35/min in experimental group and 1.57 +/- 1.48/min in control group. (t=-2.6409, p=.0106) 5. Body temperature was down by 0.13 +/- 1.91 degrees C in experimental group and elevated by 1.13 +/- 1.11 degrees C in control group. (t=-3.1471, p=.0026) Thus, in this study there was a statistically significant difference in the change in the vital signs between the experimental group treated with music therapy and the control group which received no treatment. Because music therapy is valuable to decrease the anxiety of patients facing operations, the result of this study support its effect in relieving anxiety as a valuable nursing intervention. From this study, the following recommendations can be made: First, it is necessary to further study music therapy to develope a better system and determine optimal time. Second, it is necessary that more detailed research on measurement of changes in vital signs be done to determine changes over time intervals.

This study was done to investigate stress and coping methods of mothers with brain disease children. The subjects for this study were obtained by taking a sample of mothers with brain disease children hospitalized in neurosurgery ward of K medical center in Seoul from Nov. 20, 1992 to Mar. 10, 1993. The collected date were analized by S.P.S.S. program( frequency, percentage, mean, t-est, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation). The results of the study were as follow. 1. The mean of the degree of mothers' stress was 3.681. Of the stress categories, illness treatment (4. 216) was highest, and the next were in order of illness status and prognosis(4.154), family relationships and personal roles (3.202), interpersonal relationships (2.916). 2. The mean of the degree of mothers' coping method was 2.930. Of the coping method categories, communication with medical team or parents in similar situations(3.332) was highest, and the next were in order of family cooperation and optimistic thought about the situation(3.241), reforcement of self esteem and maintenance of psychological stability(2.538). 3. There was not seen a stastically significant correlation between stress factors and coping methods of mothers. But with categories, the higher the stress to illness status and prognosis was, the hight coping methods' degree of communication with medical team or parents in similar situations was shown a positive correlation, if not high (r=.2776, P=.046). And the higher the stress to illness treatment was, the higher coping methods' degree of communication with medical team or parents in simial situations was shown a positive correlation, if not high (r=.2727, P=.049). 4. With the difference of stress according to mothers' general characteristics, religion and monthly income shew a statically significant difference. The mothers' group who have a religion shew the higher degree of stress(t=-3.17, P=.003), The group who get the most income shew highest degree of stress(F=.4693, P=.0156). With the difference of coping according to mothers' general characteristics, the most supporting person, satisfaction with husbands and mothers' own health status shew a statistically significant difference. The group who get the most support from parents-in-law(F=3.7508, P=.013), the group who are much satisfied with husband(F=3. 589, P=.016), and the group whose health status are good (F=3.3675, P=.046), shew the highest coping degree. 5. There were no significant difference in degree of stress and coping by children's characteristics The significance of the study will be concluded as follows. 1. Investigating the stress factors, which mothers are perceiving, it will be utilized as the basic materials of nursing plan so as to reduce the stress of mothers. 2. In searching for the ways of mothers' more helpful coping methods, it shows the necessity of the active nursing intervention for the mothers in the process of coping with their stress. That is, the nurse should serve the earnest nursing as counselor, supporter, educator, and information-provider. 3. Recogning mothers as well as children with brain disease as a client, the nurse will be able to help the mother, who is taking care of the children, cope with the stress situation well, and to make a contribution to the recovery, rehabilitation, and health of the children and to the enhancement of the family health.

The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the family whose child has died of cancer. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 17 mothers who had cared for a child who had died of cancer Traditionally in Korea, mothers are the care givers in the family and are considered sensitive to the family's thoughts, feelings. The data were collected through in-depth interviews by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simultaniously by a constant comparative method in which new data are continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 16 concepts which were found as a result of analyzing the grounded data were, -left over time, the empty place, meaninglessness, inner sadness, situational sadness, heartache, physical pain, guilt, resentment, regret, support/stigmatization, finding meaning in the death, changing attitudes about life and living, changing attitudes about health, changing religious practice and changing family relations. Five categories emerged from the analysis. They were emptiness, consisting of left over time, the empty place and meaninglessness; sadness, consisting of inner sadness and situational sadness; pain, consisting of heartache and physical pain; bitterness, consisting of guilt, resentment, regret, support/stigmatization and finding meaning in the death; and transition, consisiting of changing attitudes about life and living, changing attitudes about health, changing religious practice and chang ing family relations. These categories were synthesized into the core concept, -the process of filling the empty space. The core phenomenon was emptiness. Emptiness varied with the passing of time, was perceived differently according to support/stigmatization and finding meaning in the death, was followed by sadness, pain, and bitterness, and finally resulted in changes in attitudes about life and living and about health, and in changes in religious practice and family relations. The process of filling the empty space proceeded by (1) accepting realty, (2) searching for the reason for the child's death, (3) controlling the bitter feelings, (4) reconstructing the relationships among death, illness and health and (5) filling the emptiness by resolving causes of child's death, adopting, having another child or with work. Six hypotheses were derived from the analysis. (1) The longer the bereavement, the more the empty space becomes filled. (2) The longer the hospitalization, the more support the family needs. (3) The more the sadness, pain and bitterness are expressed, the more positive changes emerge. (4) Family support faciliates the process of filling the empty space. (5) Higher family cohesiveness faciliates the process of filling the empty space. (6) The greater the variety of reasons attributed to the child's death, the greater the variety of patterns of change. Four propositions related to emptiness and bitterness were developed. (1) When the sense of emptiness is great and bitterness is manifested by severe feelings of guilt and resentment, the longer the process of filling the empty space. (2) When the sense of emptiness is great and the family is highly motivated to get rid of the bitterness, the shorter the process of filling the empty space. (3) When the sense of emptiness is less and bitter ness is manifested by severe feelings of guilt and resentment, the process of filling the empty space is delayed. (4) When the sense of emptiness is less and the family is highly motivated to get rid of the bitterness, the process of filling the empty space goes on to completion. Through this substantive theory, nurses understand the importance of emptiness and bitterness in helping the family that has lost a child through cancer fill the empty space. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other losses may contribute to a formal theory of how family health is restored after human tragedies are experienced.

Koreans are one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in America. Adjusting to life in foreign country produces a great deal of stress. Differences in culture, language, expectation and social behavior can lead to misunderstandings. The pregnancy and delivery event is one of maturational crisis in life cycle. The purpose of this research was to understand the structure of the lived experience of pregnant women and postpartum mothers who had immigrated to the United States. The research question was "What is the structure of the experience of pregnant women and postpartal mothers?" The sample consisted of 16 women registrated at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of one local clinic in Hawaii. The unstructured interviews were carried out from Jnuary 5, through January, 30, 1994. They were audio-recorded and analyzed using Van Kaam's method. There are different views on the causative factors of stress. Maladjustcment to the immigrant life, spousal conflicts, anxiety related to bringing up the baby and conflicts between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law are considered to be related factors. The experiences of pregnant women over the period of the pregnancy can be varied and can include change of body image, emotional and physical change. The experiences of postpartum mothers over the postpartum period can be varied and can include postpartum depression, emotional irritability, fear related to bringing up the baby and disappointment with husband. Positive experiences over the period of pregnancy and postpartum were the strengthening beliefs. Sources of support were, first, spouse then mother and faith. Support was also received from the physician in charge and through self-control. The nurse, by providing empathetic support, should be a person with whom they can express their feelings and share their experiences.

This study was conducted to investigate risk factors for senile dementia as well as care givers' stresses and thier needs for nursing care. It was done using a retrospective survey. A convenience sample of 100 senile dementia patients and 120 normal elders in a rural area was used. The tools used in the study were the MMSE-K(Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea) for dementia screening test and a questionaire developed by the research team. Data were collected through home visits by Community Health Practitioners. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test, and Chi-square test. The findings are as follows: 1. There were significant differences in age, marital status, and religions between the two groups. 2. There was a significant difference in smoling behavior between the two groups. 3. There was a significant difference in past history of cancer between groups. 4. There was a significant difference in past and present elderfamily relationship between the two groups. 5. There were significant differences in intellectual activities, assuming major role in famliy and seeking other's help in daily life troubles between the two groups. 6. There were significant differences in stress factors such as child problem, family conflict, health problem and illegal behavior between the two groups. 7. The major problems out by families in caring for dementia patient were catastrophic reactions, dirtiness, mood change, devouring and tremor. The most serious problems faced by families was dirtiness, with catastrophic reactions, sleep distrubance, changeableness, and a suspcio-usness following. The care givers expressed chronic fatigue, anxiety, tension, depression, disorder in daily life, shamefulness, blame from neighbours and guiltiness. 8. There is need for geriatric hospitals, nursing homes, burden sharing, and counselling or education for family care givers. A replicate study in the urban area is recommended to validate the findings of this study. To explore the impact of stress in life and 'han' on senile dementia, a qualitative study is recommended.

The main purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of FIPS as an assessment tool for pain in children. The subject were 81 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 14 years old who were experiencing pain from an intramuscular injection. 40 were being seen in a local primary hospital and 41 in a university hospital. The data were collected in two settings at a 6 month interval, the first was on Nov. 5th 1991 in a local clinic by one doctor, the second was on May 1st. 1992 in a university hospital by two nurse. McGrath's(1985) face interval cards and weight box scale which is a numeral scale that contains from one to five boxes of cards were used as measures. To analyze the subject's ability to use the face scale and weight box scale, statistical frequency was employed. To determine the difference in the rated pain intensity on the face interval scale and the weight box, Pearson correlation coefficent and t-test were employed. To compare the difference in the rated pain intensity of the face interval scale and the weight box scale according to subject's general characteristics, X2-test was employed. The findings were as follows; 1. The subject's ages were from 3 to 14 with a mean age of 8.3 years old. There were 54(66.7%) male children and 27(33.3%) female children. 2. The number of subjects who correctly displayed cards ranging from none to severe pain was 66(81. 5%) and the number who correctly compared two cards 3 times was 73 (90.1 %). 3. Correlation coefficents between each level card of the FIPS and WBS(Weight Box Scale) were r= .52~.80 P<0.01. 4. There was no statistical difference in rating of the intensity on the FIPS and WBS.(t=1.12~1.02, P<0.22~ 0.45). 5. The differences in rating pain intensity according to the children's general characteristics were related to age (X2 =8.94, P<0.05), but not to sex (X2=0.23, P=0.80).

In order to prepare for the coming twenty first Century and to meet changing societal dedmands and health needs, it is necessary to develop a new conceptual framework for curriculum the colleges of nursing. The specific objectives of this project were to; 1) address the problem areas of the existing curriculum which were identified in the first phase of this study; 2) develop a conceptual framework which will meet faculty, student and societal needs; and 3) identify the content of the curriculum. In order to accomplish the objectives, the curriculum committee held 30 weekly meetings during the period of October, 1992 and December, 1993, There also were two workshops with college of nursing faculty members. The Philosophy and objectives of education were revised on the basis of the essential concepts of nursing; human being, nursing, environment, and health. From these basic concepts, six essential components were identified for the conceptual framework. These were nuring process, communication, professional roles, client, and nursing. These six components are interrelated in the curriculum. The complex interrelationship among the six components were presented on horizontal and vertical axes. Concepts related to steady improvement were put on a vertical axis. For example, concepts of client, health, and nursing are included in all levels of nursing curriculum and students are expected to retain and accumulate more complex contents as they progress in curriculum. Concepts on the horizontal axis are nursing process, communication, and professional roles. These concepts are unique to nursing and are common to any level of curriculum. Students are expected to study these concepts through all levels of the curriculum. It is expected that the objectives of the college of nursing will be accomplished when the courses and content of the curriculum are based on this conceptual fremework.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the home care needs in a rural county as a basic study to develop a Korean home care model. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 1,352 household which accounted for 8.8% of Youn Cheon County population. A Standard criterias for home care subject were delineated by five nursing professors representing five different areas of nursing specialty. The developed criteria for home care subjects were as below; 1) Patients who had been discharged from hospital during the previous week. 2) Patients with special medical devices 3) Newborns and the mothers. 4) The chronically ill with poor recovery or control of disease. 5) Subjects with poor health care behavior or ability 6) Subjects with poor social support and/or family resources. 7) Subjects with health related educational needs. Three types of questionnaires were developed to screen home care subjects, one for adults, one for infants and one for the elderly. Also different questionnaire items were developed to evaluate the contol and self care ability of chronically ill subjects. After training in interview methods for 2 days, 39 interviewers visited individual households for interviews. As the results of the study showed that 14.1% of adult subjects and 76.5% of infants and child were judged as having at least one criterion related to home care need, 15.69% of adults and 53% of elderly had at least one chronic illness. The most prevalent chronic illnesses were hypertension, skeletal ?neurological disease and diabetes. The prevalence of subjects with home care needs were, those with poor health care behavior (8.89%), with health-related educational needs (8.71%), with poor recovery or control of disease (3.52%), and with poor social support and inadequate family resources (3.19%). There were only 0.3%, 0.37%, 0.11% who were discharged patients, patients with medical devices, or newborns respectively. Thus, the largest home care client group were those who need direct health care and health education. Seventy five percent of the subjects responded that they were willing to use and pay for home care service if it is offered in the future. It is suggested that recently discharged patients and patients with special medical devices can be cared for by hospital based home care nurses, but other home care clients can be cared for by community based home care nurses.

The purpose of this study was to identify the self-actualization level of Junior College Nursing Students and to analyze the variables that may be related to self-actualization. A convenient sample of 346 students were selected from three colleges located in Seoul and Kyungki-Province. The data were collected using a direct survey method from September 17 to October 2, 1992. The instrument used for this study was the self-actualization test modified by Kim and Lee(1983). The collected data were analyzed using percentages, means, t-test, X2-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient, with the SPSS PC+ Package. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The self-actualization level of subjects was moderate. The subjects showed higher scores in the areas of Self actualizing Values and Nature of Man than the standardized normal groups. The subjects showed lower scores in the areas of Inner Directed Existentiality, Self acceptance and Capacity for Intimate Contact. 2) The subjects attending day junior colleges showed higher scores in the areas of Time competent, Existentiality and Self Acceptance than those attending college in the evening. The subjects attending evening junior colleges showed higher scores in the areas of Spontaneity than those attending college by day. 3) The junior students showed higher scores in the areas of Feeling Reactivity than freshman. The students with no religion showed higher scores in the areas of existentiality than those who had a religion. The group who had the experience of failure on the college entrance examination showed lower scores in the areas of Nature of Man than those without this experience. Those who chose their major voluntary showed scores higher in the areas of Inner Directed, Self Actualizing Values, Spontaneity and Self re gard than the unsatisfied group. The group satisfied with college life showed higher scores in the areas of Time Competent, Inner Directed, Self Actualizing Values and Self Regard than the unsatisfied group. In conclusion self actualization level depends on motivation of choice, satisfaction with nursing as a major and satisfaction with college life. Therefore, and effective guidance program is required to improve motivation and satisfaction with nursing as a major and with college life.