This study was designed to clarify how nurses and nursing students perceive their clients' needs for spiritual nursing care, it's practices, and problems. The purpose was to suggest directions for the development of spiritual nursing practice. The major findings are as follows: Respondents primarily perceived spiritual nursing as nursing care designd to help terminally ill patients accept death. Many of the respondents showed a high level of awareness of spiritual nursing care and its necessity. Few of them, however, bad actual experience in spi ritual care. Those with experience in spiritual nursing care tend of take either a religious approach or perceived it as the therapeutic use of the self. The greatest problem related to the practice of spiritual care was found to be lack of time. Most of nurses and nursing students were found to be well aware of the needs for spiritual nursing care but were hindered from practising it because of the lack of time. To resolve the problem it was recommended that the scope of nursing practice be readjusted and that pre and in-service programs should be developed to further heighten nursing students' interest in spiritual nursing care.

The increase in size and numbers of general hospitals in the process of conspicuous development of modern medicine has been accompanied by a serious increase in hospital acquired infections. Hospital aquired infections cause pain and discomfort, may threaten life, adds an economic burden, and delays recovery and return to society. Even though respiratory hospital infection rates resulting for tracheostomy and respiratory inhalation therapy, may be low, they are serious because of their bad prognosis and high mortality rates. This study was designed to assess certain aspects of respiratory infections of patients with a tracheostomy and thus provide baseline data for further research related to preventive or therapeutic nursing interventions. The specific objectives were to determine the incidence of colonization in the trachea, clinical signs, type of colonized bacteria and sensitivity to antibiotics. Data were collected from July 1 to December 10, 1989 at two university Hospital in Seoul. Subjects were 20 patients with a tracheostomy admitted to the Intensive Care Unit or Cerebral Vascular Accident Center. Clinical signs related to respiratory infection were observed using a checklist based on previous study outcomes. Bacterial culture, sensitivity test to antibiotics, WBC counts and chest X-ray were also performed. Cultures were done on the day of tracheostomy, and on the third, fifth and seventh day. Cultures were then done on seventh days after the first colonization. The results were as follows: 1. The incidence of bacteria colonization in a week was 90%(18 patients) : 50% (10/20 patients) on the day of tracheostomy, 70 %(7 /10 patients) on the third day, and 0 % on the fifth day, and 33 %(1/3 patient) on the seventh day. 3 of 18 patients (16.7%) were colonies of mixed growth isolated. 2. The observed clinical signs related to respiratory infection were high fever 38.9 %(7 patients), prulent secretion 16.7 %(12 patients) and infiltration seen on chest X-ray 33.3 %(6 patients). 3. The total number of types of bacteria isolated among the 18 subjects was 21 I gram negative 71.4 %, gram postive 28.6 %. The dominant bacteria type was Staphylococcus aureus(5 cases) for gram and Pse-udomonas aeruginosa(3 cases), Klebsiella (4 cases), Enterobacter(3 cases) for grame. The results of culture on 7th day after the first colonization, 6 cases showed same type of bacteria, 3cases showed different type of bacteria and 1 cases showed no growth. 4. The sensitivity tests to antibiotics showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus were strongly resistant to most kinds of antibiotics, but Klebsiella and the rest of gram negative bacteria were moderately sensitive to antibiotics.

The purpose of study was to contirm theory about the effectiveness of routine meatal care on the reduction of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. The study was carried out at a university hospital from September 1,1987 to April 17, 1989 : 32 patients with a foley-catheter were studied. The study compared the urinary tract infection rate of an experimental group with that of a control group and tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria. The experimental group(16 patients) was given daily meatal care with 10% Betadine for periods ranging from 4 to 21 days. The control group(16 patients) was not given that care. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The urinary tract infection rate of the experimental group was 50.0%, and that of the control group 43.8%. There was no significant difference between the groups. 2. Organisms isolated in the control group were bacteria 100%, and in the experimental group bacteria 50 % and fungus 50%. The most common organisms of the 15 strains isolated in the total group were Sta- phylococcus coagulase negative (3 patients), and E-coli (3 patients). 3. Most of bacteria isolated in this study were sensitive to Norfloxacillin, but resistant to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, and Ery-thromycin. Hence the importance of controling catheter- associated urinary tract infections. Findings suggest the need to search for other sources of infection, further experimentation controling various sources of urinary tract infection and larger groups of subjects.

This study was designed to measure the degree of work stress perceived by clinical nurses working in psychiatric ward, and to identify the factors influencing the difference of work stress. The survey method was used and the subjects of this study consisted of 135 psyciatric nurses from 7 university hospitals and 4 provincial general hospitals, The data were collected from August 1 to 20, 198 8. The instrument used for this study was PNOSS (Psychiatric Nurse Occupational Stress Scale) which was developed by Bai(1989). The confidence verific ation of this instrument was computed and the Cron -bach a was 0.94050. Data were analysed by t-test and ANOVA on 5 % significant level with SPSS program. The results of study were summerized as follow : 1) The degree of perceived stress among psychiatric nurses was considerably high (4.32 out of 6.00). 2) Among the stressors, inadequate staffing(5.04), hospital administrational problems (4.7) and the conflict of nurse-patient relationship were identified as the stress factors with high rank of degree of stress. 3) There was significant relationship between the degree of stress and the demographic variables of nurses such as the marital status, educational level, and the motivation of working in psychiatric ward. 4) There was significant relationship between the job-related variables such as the working duration, the motivation of working and nurse's attitude toward the psychiatric patients. 5) The relationship between several stress factors and some of the demographic and the job-related variables were significantly identified.

The aim of this investigation was to delineate concepts contributing to the Exercise of Self-Care Agency (E.S.C.A.) Scale developed by Kearney & Fleischer (1979) and to test its construct validity and its predictors. The results are summarized as follows : 1. By means of principal factor analysis and maximal likelihood factor analysis upon data generated from 280 undergraduate students, the factors of Concern about Health Knowledge, Self-Concept, Information-Seeking Behavior, Decision-making and Responsibility, Self-esteem, and Passivity emerged. The total percent of variance explained by the 6 factors was 75.1 % 2. To assess factor independence and instrument homogeneity, correlations among the 6 factors were computed. The correlations ranged from .24 to .46 indicating that the factors and the items were not too similar or redundant. 3. Test-retest reliability of the total scale is r=.70. Cronbach's a coefficient for internal consistency of the total scale is .86 and that of the factors ranged from .750 to .661 (only factor 6 .497). 4. In additional analysis of the Exercise of self-Care Agency Scale in relationship to Multiple Health Locus of Control, Family Environmental Scale, and Cornell Medical Index using stepwise multiple regression, the Internal Health Locus of Control Score predicted 21.8%(F=53.34, P=.0001), Family Environmental Score 8.3 %(F=22.59, P=.0001), Modified Cornell Medical Index Score 5.4%(F=15.74, P=. 0001) of the score of the E.S.C.A.

This study investigated the effect of changing position from supine to standing upright on the circulation of young men and women. Healthy men and women ranging from age of 18 to 24 were examined. Two minutes before standing, the baseline heart rate and blood pressure were measured. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. Differences in heart rate and blood pressure between supine and standing upright position were evaluated. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Heart rate increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. 2. Systolic blood pressure increased significntly immediately and at every minute for 4 minutes after standing upright. 3. Diastolic and mean blood pressure increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. 4. Pulse pressure immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright was significantly narrower than that of supine position. 5. There was no significant difference of heart rate between men and women after standing upright. 6. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of men after standing upright was significantly greater than those of women. From these results, it may be concluded that heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure and pulse pressure increase after standing upright, and systolic and diastohc blood pressure in men is greater than those of women after standing upright.

In order to evaluate the effect of fish oil on lipid drogenase(G6PDH), malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6 -phosphatase (G6Pase) activities were measured in liver and adipose tissue of rats fed 13 days supplemented fish oil at the level of 10 % (W /W) Two other groups of rats were fed 10% soybean oil or lard to compare with the effect of fish oil. In all groups, activities of hepatic G6PDH and ME were depressed from the beginning of feeding. This effect was greatest (50%) in fish oil group. Hepatic G6Pase was highest in rats fed lard. When the level of fish oil was reduced to half, as total fat content was maintained at the level of 10% by complementary lard, lipogenic enzyme depressing effect of fish oil was as significant as shown in 10% fish oil diet. Hepatic G6PDII was depressed significantly(14%) in rats fed fish oil as low as 2%. On the other hand, changes in adipose tissue G6PDH and ME activities were small. Adipose tissue G6Page activity increased slightly in rats fed with increasing fish oil(abovc 0.5%). It is suggested that fish oil alter, more markedly than either soybean oil or lard, cellular lipid metabolism by reducing activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes.