No abstract available.

Educational Administration, Graduate School of Education, Yonsei Unieersite Nursing education in Korea has made rapid progress recently. There is a great deal of support with approval and encouragement of this progress. However, much disapproval of its validity has asserted some restraints on it. The aims of nursing education should be based on the principle that education is pla- nned according to the need much research has been made with such a viewpoint bun much still remains unclear. The present study is aimed at establishing the needs for nursing manpower based on the biological demand for medical care. The needs for nursing manpower have been emphasized by many researchers and authorities on nursing education, and the prevailing medical trends also demand it. In this study, through the study of various books and records concerned, and the compiling of data analysis and questionnaires, I came to the following figures for the proposed needs of nursing manpower: Year 1971 1976 1981 1986 Proposed figure 58. 069 65. 055 72. 923 82.407 There figures are greater than those calculated by another method by the government research program but it shows approximately the same final figure as that of the gover- nment report for the end of the target year. With these findings, I concluded that; 1) As the final purpose of the government medical project is to fulfill the needs of the national health (that is, to support the national needs for medical care), the plan of this project should follow the theory of biological demand for medical care, reeogni zing that the numbers will increase gradually. 2) Qualitative growth, based on the advanced and specialized nursing profession, should be promoted to meet the rapid growth of the medical needs of the nation in addition to promoting of investments for the facilities, and of the preparatory investments for education needs. 3) For efficient and economic utilization of nursing manpower, the improvement of wages, and the offering of free education is necessary. 4) Amentments to the low promising innovation and advancement of medical treal- ment; preparation of a national fund for medical care; and, changing of national attitudes to bring about greater concern are desirable.

The trend in modern nursing is toward the performance of comprehensive nursing care. Psychiatric nursing emphasizes education which enables the nurse to understand the underlying difficulties being expressed through a wide range of emotions and through practice to be more adept in her selection of a manner of approach which best meets the needs of a given situation. Presently, in Korea, there is nothing in the literature regarding evaluation of the effect of psychiatric nursing education on the attitudes of nurses towards mental illness and mentally ill patients. This study was attempted in order to understand 1) some of the problems in psychi- atric nursing education and 2) some of the factors which affect the attitudes of nurses towards mental illness and mental patients. A questionnaire, a Korean translation of the "Opinions about Mental Illness Scale" by Cohen and Struening, 1962, was administered to 188 nonpsychiatric registered nurses employed in Yonsei University Hospital (Y. Hospital) and Seoul National University Hospital (S. Hospital) located in the city of Seoul. All of the nurses were directly inv- olved with adult patient care. They graduated from various nursing schools. The data was collected during the period of October 2 to October 16,1972. The age, educational background, marital status, type of previous psychiatric experience. experience as a graduate nurse and close personal relationship with someone who was a psychiatric patient were compared with the O.M.I. scores. The mean and standard errors for each of the comparison groups were computed and the relationships calculated by a t-test. The results of the study are summarized as follow: 1. There is no significant difference between the age of the nurses and their attitudes toward mental illness and mental patients. 2. There is no significant difference between the educational backgrounds of the nurses and their attitudes toward mental illness and mental patients. 3. There is a significant difference in the nurses' student psychiatric nursing experie- nce and their attitudes towards mental illness and mental patients for the nurses in S. Hospital only. The nurses who had 3-4 weeks of student psychiatric nursing experience had a signi- ficantly higher mean score for Benevolence (factor B) than nurses whose student psychi- atric experience had been less than 1 week (p<0. 05). The nurses who had 1-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks, and more than 4 weeks of student psych- iatric nursing experience had significantly higher mean scores for Interpersonal Etiology (factor E) than nurses whose student psychiatric had been less than 1 week (p<0. 05). 4. There is a significant difference in the nurses' student psychiatric nursing experience by types of institution and their attitudes towards mental illness and mental patients for S. Hospital nurses only. The nurses who had their student psychiatric nursing experience in the government psychiatric hospitals recorded significantly higher mean score for Authoritorianism(factor A) than nurses who had their experience in private psychiatric hospitals (p<0. 05). 5. There is no significant difference in the nurses' psychiatric nursing experience as a graduate nurse and their attitudes toward mental illness and mental patients. 6. There is no significant difference in the nature snd variety of the nurses' experie- nce as a graduate nurse and their attitude toward mental illness and mental patients. 7. There is no significant difference in the presence or absence of a close personal relationship with a mentally ill person and the nurses' attitude toward mental illness and mental patients. 8. There is no significant difference in the nurses' marital status and their attitude toward mental illness and mental patients. 9. There is no significant difference between the nurses who were employed in S. and Y. hospitals and their attitudes towards mental illness, and mental patients. Major suggestion for further study was to have more larger and wider scale research for establishing of the reliability and validity of the Korean translation of the O.M.I. Scale.

Hospital Bacterial cultures of the transfer forceps, 4"*4" mesh gauzes and polluted air of nursing units of general surgery, internal medicine, gynecology and pediatrics of S.N.U.H. were carried on for 5 consecutive days (from nth to 21st August, 1972) to investigate the degree of contamination of such instruments which were used in dressing the patients. 1. The average hospitalized patients for each nursing unit were 24 persons. 2. The frequency of dressing, and using forceps and gauzes in surgical nursing unit were 25,316 and 66 times respectively. Actually the forceps were used most frequently. There was no dressing in the nursing unit of internal medine. 3. Most of dressing were carried on from 11 : 00 to 13 : 59 o'clock. 4. Averagely 121. 5 persons passed throught each nursing unit. 549 visitors dropped in the nursing unit of gynecology in maximun, and 219 visitors in the nursing of internal medicine in minimun. The visitors rushed in from 11 : 00 to 13 '. 59 o'clock to he 142. 5 persons for each nursing unit in average. 5. Colony counts after the bacterial cultures of the forceps and gauzes disclosed 1098. 44 and 704. 51 per plate respectively. 6. The degree of contamination was paralled to the duration and frequency of dressings. 7. The degree of contanination of the instruments was severest in the nursingunit of internal medicine, and least in the nursing unit of gynecology. On the matter of gauze, the contamination was most extreme in the pediatric nursing unit. 8. There was no significant daily differences in terms of contamination throughout the week. 9. It was disclosed that empty forceps jars were less contaminated than the jars with solution of any kind. 10. Bacterial cultures of the polluted air in corridor showed 73,88 colony counts per plate.

In order to explore the present status of induced abortion, a survey was conducted on 578 married women :32o employed women, 165 urban and 93 rural housewives, during the period form June, 1972 to September, 1972. The results were as follows: 1. The rates of induced abortion in urban housewives, employed women and rural housewives were 50. 3%, 30. 3% and 11. 8%, respectively. 2. With regard to the duration of marrital life, the rale of induced abortion was higher group of 11-16 and 17-22 years of duration than those of less than 4 years and more than 23 years. 3. There were significant differences between housewives and the employed women, and also between urban and rural housewives in the rates of induced abortion. 4. The mean number of pregnancies was 4.9 and 4.8 for the rural and urban housewives while for the employed women was 2.1. 5. The mean number of live births was 4.5 and 3. 2 for the rural and urban housewives while for the employed women was 2.1. 6. Average number of living children of the women who had experienced induced abortions was 4. 8 and 3.1 for the rural and urban housewives while for the emoeypld women was 2. 5. 7. There was a significant correlation between induced abortions and social class or educational level. The higher their level of education or social class, the more frequently women were experienced induced abortions. 8. There was a significant correlation between experience of induced abortions and family planning practice, vis. the women who had experienced induced abortions made more use of family planning practices.

No abstract available.

Since there is nothing in the literature regarding how Koreans value their children, this is an exploratory study attempting to (1) generate ideas as to why women of child- bearing age want children and (2) discover aspects of the interaction between the value of children and the fertility behavior according to socio-economic class and level of education. Fifty women from the Yonhee A Citizen's Apartment and 50 women from the slum area Surrounding the Yonhee Apartment were interviewed by the investigator during the period of October 10 to October 25, 1972. All of the women interviewed were under 35 years of age and had more than one child. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the general characteristics of the respondents, the status of current family planning practice, the number of induced abort- ions and the reasons for wanting children. An open ended question followed by a forced choice question was the method used to determine the reasons for wanting children. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Half of all the respondents were between 30 and 34 years of age. 2. Four percent of die respondents had no schooling, 51 percent had graduated from primary school, and 45 percent were educated beyond middle school. 3. The most important reasons for wanting children given by the respondents were categorized as follows: (1) carrying on the family name, (2) old age security, (3)value of life, (4) fun of rearing children, (5) avoidance of loneliness, (6) responsibility of women. 4. The number of consistent answers between the open ended and forced choice questions regarding reasons for wanting children was significantly different. Only 30 women among the total respondents gave consistent answers. Carrying on the family name was the category in which there was the highest rate of consistency. 5. The reasons for wanting children were not significantly different for age, educational level, and number of living children for all of the respondents. 6. In response to the question "If you want to have only one child, which sex would you prefer?" 96 percent of the respondents said they would select a son. 7. Major suggestions for further study were to differentiate. (1) between reasons women want children and reasons women have children and (2) between reasons men want children and reasons women want children.

I . Objectives of the study This study attempted to examine, from a pedagogical point of view, how socially-handicapped children differ from normal ones in their family backgrounds, personality traits, adaptability to school life, and their peer relationship. This study was made under the following hypothesis; 1. The family background of socially-handicapped children is less disirable than that of normal ones. 2. Personality traits of socially-handicapped children are less desirable than those of normal ones. 3. Socially-handicapped children tend to be less adaptable to school life than normal ones. 4. Peer-relationship ot socially-handicapped children is less desirable than of normal ones. Contents of study The thesis consists of the following five main parts; 1. Introduction 2. Related Studies 3. Procedure 4. Resuits 5. Summary and Conclusions Instruments The following instruments were used for this study; 1. Family background record prepared by the school. 2. Questionnaire prepared by the writer. 3. General personality test (written by Kim Ki-Suk and published by Korean Testing Center). 4. School activity record. 5. Sociometric test. If. The following conclusions were derived from the study 1. As compared with normal children, socially-handicapped ones have, in many cases, larger number of siblings, their families belong to lower economic bracket; their parents were indifferent to their children, and their mothers were less educated. 2. As compared with normal children, socially-handicapped ones are emotionally unstable, although they are the same as normal children in their sense of dominancy, responsibility, sociality, and confidence. 3. As compared with normal children, socially-handicapped ones are tardy in their learning, although they are almost the same as normal ones in their intelligence development. 4. As compared with normal children, socially-handicapped ones make friends more easily with pupils of other classes and schools rather than those of their own class or school.

The present study in the view of humanistic psychology was attempted to seek the purpose of study, the relationship between nurses' working efficiency that measured by an observational working efficiency scale and their subjective perception. "Perceptual orientation scale" (Choy, Chung Hoon 1971) was administered to 100 nurses during the period of May to July 1972, and the relationship with their ratings by their supervising head nurses. Educational background, ages, and their lengths of carrer were compared with their subjective perceptions. All the relationship were calculated by the method of chi-squares and correlational coefficients. The results of this study are summerized as follow: 1. There is no significant relationship between nurses' subjective perceptions and their working ratings. 2. There is significant relationship between nurses' subjective perceptions and their educational backgrounds. 3. There is no significant relationship between nurses' subjective perceptions and their lengths of carrer. 4. There is no significant relationship between nurses' subjective perceptions and their ages. The results of the present study are interpreted to the sampled research group of this study and are not to be extended to any other groups.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the delivery of health services effects the health knowledge of the recepients of that service. It was hypothesized that the practical application of theory, though health services rendered by public health nursing students during their field experiences, would have a positive relationship with the quantity and quality of health knowledge of the female population of a given community. In April 1970, ninety five women(between an age 15-49) from Koyang-Gun were interviewed regarding their knowledge and attitudes in four areas of health; maternal health, child hsalth, family planning and tuberculosis prevention. After 1 1/2 years(Nov. 1971), during which time the women received home visits by student nurses, the women were again interviewed using the original questionnaire. Additionally, they were asked where they had received information about each question. During the 1 1/2 year period the visits were made by a total of 112 students. They visited the community twice a week. The result were as follows: Maternal health There was marked improvement in the knowledge of specific aspects of maternal health such as the proper instruments needed for cutting the cord and nutritional precaution of pregnancy (p<0. 05). In each case 42. 0 percent of more of this knowledge was attributed to information gained from the nursing students. However even after the nursing students' visits, the knowledge of other general areas of maternal remained poor. Child health There were increases in the knowledge of the respondents for the time to supplement breast feeding and for time to wean infants (p<0. 05). In each case 35. 0 percent or more of this information was attributed to the student. The increase in knowledge regarding types of immunization was more often attributed to the clinic nurse than to the nursing students. Knowledge of the necessity of booster immunization was poor both before and after the visits by the nursing students. Family planning There were significant increases in correct information regarding the time of I.U.D. insertion (p<0.05) and method of taking the oral pill (p<0.05). More than 42.0 percent of the increase was attributed to the nursing students' visits. However there was a slight decrease in correct information about concept of family planning. Tuberculosis There was a general lack of improvement in all areas concerned with tuberculosis. Two thirds of the respondents felt tuberculosis was hereditary and did not know what B.C.G. was. From this study, it could be concluded that in specific area the health knowledge cf the female population studied was positively effected by the visits of the nursing students. The study also, suggests, however, that there was a marked uneveness in the overall increase in health knowledge.This raises serious questions which require further research. Suggested areas for further research are (1) Adequacy of the course content preparing nurses for the field experience. (2) A public health nursing manual for student reference. (3) Where and when specific aspects of health can be taught most effectively.

The Graduate School of Education Introduction Nursing as a profession is getting wide acceptance today, especially among independent -minded women with necessary phisical, mental and academic qualifications. This is parti-culary true of "comprehensive nursing", which requires to total dedication on the part if the nurse herself-phisical, mental and sociocultural. Such comprehensive approach is likewise called for in the institutional training of professional nurses. Undergraduate nursing courses nowadays place an increasing emphasis on the microscopic approach of training a nurse as an intelligent and well-balanced human being with an optimum degree of cultural sophistication. Greater attention then ever before is now paid to close observation of the individual traits and aptitude of nursing students, so as to permit full development of individual capabilities, interests and propensities within the concept of "comprehensive human education." Purpose of study 1. To determine the degree of understanding of the part of nursing students of the various aspects of the subject taught in undergraduate nursing course. 2. To determine the motivation of nursing students in choosing the profession and possible subsequent change or attitude and outlook in the course of undergraduated studies, as a means of presenting a new practical approach in nursing training based on the concept of "comprehensive human education." Problems of study 1. The environments of nursing training will impinge on individual nursing students with different psychological impacts from lower to upper classes of undergraduated studies. 2. Educational environments will have varying psychological impacts on students: a. Difference in religious faith among students. b. Difference in campus environments. c. Difference in domestic (family) circumstances. d. Diflerence in innate capabilities of students. 3. The understanding and attitude of individual nursing students towards the science of nursing will have a close correlation with their respective motivations in choosing-nursing as a psofession, aad will also be closely influenced by the peculiarities of the subjects taught, the campus environments, etc. Delimitations of the study 1. Two universities offering 4-year nursing courses were selected. Due to the limited number of potential subjects, the optimum conditions of sample collection could not be fulfilled. 2. Subjects were confined to two classes in each university (sophomores and seniors) but without regard to the ages or scholastic achievements of individual students. 3. The conclusions derived from this study should be limited in application to the subject groups covered by the present study: they should not in any event be extended or applied to other groups. Procedures 1. Subjects: 40 nursing students each from the sophomore and senior classes of the "Y" and "K" universities situated in Seoul, aggregating 160 students altogether. 2. Instruments: Use has been made of questionnaires on (1) family backgrounds and (2) general information concerning. 3. Statistical Methed: The findings of the present survey have been subjected to critical analysis as to the means, percentages, Cgi squares (X), standard deviations and the significance of the difference in means. Findings 1. Nursing students have chosen their subject of study with a confident outlook towards their future in society. 2. Nursing students have the necessary abilities to complete the prescribed courses of study. 3. The campus life of nursing students has been judged as very constructive, notwithstanding certain in adequacies in the available educational facilities and the shortages of teaching staff. 4. The achievement levels of nursing trainees varied greatly according to their respective educational environments as well as their school years. 5. Clear and definite distinctions were discernible between the two universities as regards certain aspects of this survey, while no significant difference was observed in other: a. Sophomores and seniors in both universities gave nearly identical answers to questions concerning (1) motivation in choosing nursing as a profession, and (2) the way of spending leisure hours. b. Both universities revealed similar respective differences between sophomores and seniors as regards the abilities of fulfilling academic requirements in the basic subjects. c. Educational environments have been found to be somewhat superior in the "Y" university to those of the "K" university, particularly as regard general campus and dormitory conditions. d. The high degree of dissatisfaction with the faculty, found in both universities, was considered to be a consequence of the universal phenomenon of "brain drain" and the relative neglect of the "comprehensive approach" in education.