Women's experience of abortion are not only widespread but also significant event in their lives. But this experience has not been a concern for professional care by health care providers, especially nurses. As professional nurses should have holistic approaches to clients, need to understand the lived experience of abortion from women's perspectives. These Nurses must identify unique means for improving the quality of life of women. This study identified the meaning and structure of the lived experience of abortion. The participants were residents of Seoul and Kwang ju who were recruited through personal recommendation. Colaizzi's method was used for the phenomenological analysis. The research question was aimed at revealing the covert meaning of abortion. The 14 women who had a spontaneous abortion and/or an artificial abortion and who argeed to participate in the study were informed of the purpose of the study, the possible risks and benefits of participation, the data generation method and they were assured of privacy and confidentiality. The investigator conducted in-depth unstructured interviews which were audiotaped with the permission of the participants. The investigator read the data repeatdly to identify and categorize themes and basic structural elements. Eight themes of abortion as experienced by these participants were: 1) complicated feelings about the anticipated abortion 2) feelings of fear and anxiety about the operation and complications 3) grieving related loss and injury 4) feelings of lonliness in perceiving no supportive person, 5) attributing the cause of the abortion to siginificant others or to self, 6) guilt feelings and resentment, 7) vacillating between regretting and not regretting, 8) struggling to a responsible person. Five basic structures identified were: 1) Complicated feelings 2) Feelings of loss and need for caring 3) Attributings to cause to significant others 4) Paradoxical emotion 5) Struggling to be a responsible being The significes of this study for nursing are: 1) It enables nurses and other health care providers understand more clearly the lived experience of abortion 2) It provides information which can be used in for women who experience abortion.

This study examined the daily rhythmic patterns of mood in shift workers. Ten rotating shift nurses (shift worker group) were matched with ten non-rotating student nurses (non-shift worker group) working under the same conditions at CUniversity Hospital. The subjecs completed the Mood Adjective Checkist(MAC) every two or three hours from 6AM to 9-11 PM for six consecutive days. The MAC was constructed by Mansour and coversed the mood factors of Anger-Depression. Happiness, Mental, and Social. These data were analyzed by using Cosinor method. The results are summarized as follows; 1. There was no difference in mean scores for Anger-Depression, Happiness, Mental, and Social mood rhythm between the shift workers and the non-shift workers. 2. There was no difference in the amplitude of Anger-Depression, Happiness and Social mood between the two groups, but the shift workers had a higher amplitude of Mental mood. 3. The acrophases of the Anger -Depression mood were between 1:28 and 2:05, and those of Happiness, Social, and Mental mood were between 12:5 and 15:03 for both groups. There were no diffirences between the groups. 4. The number of the subjects with statistically significant mean cosinor rhythms for Anger-Depression and Mental moods were higher in the shift workers than in the non shift workers, but there were no differences between the shift workers and the non-shift workers in those of Happiness and Mental mood. This study showed that the mood manifested circadian periodicities, and a rapidly rotating shift system did not changed the circadian rhythm of mood. It is expected that this study will facilitate a better understanding of circadian rhythm in mood in the shift workers.

Respect for human life and respect for human dignity are two basic values to which organized nursing has urged its members to adhere in their service to mankind. Thus it is the nurses' duty to provide health care in support of sustenance of life and to pay respect for the patient's right to dignity. In practice, however, nurses may experience dilemmas between these duties much due to the development of modern advanced techniques. These dilemmas have become more complex and difficult to resolve. Nurses are often faced with situations in which the terminally ill refuse professional care, posing serious conflicts between respect for human life and respect for human rights to self-determination. In such cases, resolution of the problem is not a simple matter, thus requires intensive study into the ethical questions related to the situation. The purpose of this study was to identify ethical problems that nurses experience in caring for terminally ill patients and explore the ways to the resolution of problems within the context of the situations. The methodology used for the study was a case study method which 'New Casuistry' proposed by Jonsen and Toulmin(1988) and the 'Specified Principlism' proposed by Degrazia(1992) as an alternative to old deductive and intuitive method. Cases were developed through semistructured indepth interviews according to the casutistry method. A total of seven nurses were interviewd who were caring for therminally ill patients. Four cases out of a total 14 cases were related to the topic. Through the case analysis it became evident that nurses appreciated other values more often than respect for the patient's right to self-determination. These other values were convenience and effiency in nursing practice in case 1, preservation of life above all other values in case 2, provision of nursing care to fulfill the nurse's professional obligation at most in case 3, and respect for the family's demand against the patient's wish in case 4. This study showed that the most important ethical problems were conflict between respect for the patient's right to self-determination and sustenance of life for the fulfillment of professional obligation. For this problem, benefit/burden analysis from the perspective of the patient and family for the promotion of patient's wellbeing may be a way to resolve the conflict. Further, through these analysis it was shown that physicians' and families' opinions dominated in the decision? making and the opinions of nurses' and patients' tended not to be reflected. Thus the patient's right to his or her care was not readily respected. To solve this problem, nurses should make efforts to communicate reciprocally with their patients, family members and physicians in an effort to respect for their patient's rights to life and diginity from the point of view and values of the patient. It is also important that nurses provide good basic nursing care up to the time of death regardless of decisions about providing or not aggressive treatment for chronically and terminally ill patients.

Intuition is an abstract concept which is most often thought of as a nonrational, nonscientific mode of thought. However, since there are so many amorphous definitions of intuition that it seems important to clarify the meaning of this concept. Therefore, this study use the process of Walker and Avant's concept analysis to define of the concept of intuition Attributes of intuition were defined as 1) Knowledge of truth that is difficult to explicate; 2) A type of immediate knowing; 3) Knowlwdge without reasining analysis; 4) Knowledge that is attained based on virtue character which integrates all matter and is not attained through individual experience. Antecedents of intuition consists of 1) as ground for knowledge or truth that is not availables to trace through the analytic procedures; and 2) the flow of Ki which unites human beings and the universe. Consequences of intuition events or incidents occuring as a result of the concept consist of verification of the truth though analytic procedures and application of knowledge in both theoretical and practical ways. To develop intuitive ability, as an educator should not only make studies in recognizine, analysing and teaching concepts related to logical, rational decision making but should also recognize and teach concepts related to intuitive components of making decisions in clinical practice and classroom learning as well.

The cost of hospice care should be covered by the insurance system if it is to be promoted in our country and this, in turn, requires a proper method to the estimate of this cost. The purpose of this study was to set up the method to estimate the cost of hospice care. First the cost effectiveness of hospice care were studied. By tracing the activities of hospice nurses for a given period, all the relevant data such as the scope and load of activities as well as the cost were collected. Then these were analysed and compared with the data obtained from hospice and home care. The results showed that the cost of hospice care was the most economic, and indicate its qualification as an independent system. The main part of the cost of hospice care was found to be the labor cost which was up to 83% of the total. Therefore a method to estimate the cost should reflect the real labor cost. Several methods have been proposed in the study in terms of unit labor cost, service time, material cost, and the weight of the labor cost. All variables, including the service time surveyed in this study, can easily be translated into numerical values and it would not difficult to estmate the cost of hospice care. Hence by letting the hospic care be insured, hospice care can be expected to function as a good alternative to the present medical system.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

This paper reviewed the concept of the environ merit in Korean traditional thought according to Shamamism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. The differences in the views of the environment between Korean traditional thought and Western thought were compared according to the ontological point of view. This study attempted to investigate the concept of environment, one of the four metaparadigm(hu-man, environment, health, nursing)as it is experssed in Korean traditional thought. However, it was difficult to find the concept of environment separated out in the traditional thought pattern. Instead, environment concepts are represented in the natural views and universal views. Even though the four traditional thought patterns (Shamaism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism) represent some difference in their view of nature, the combination of natural and human, harmony, anti-dichotomy and so forth are emphasized in common in four thought patterns. Korean traditional thought includes a more comprehensive meaning than the unitary-transformative perspective discussed in modern Westen thought patterns. Environment has been dealt with in narrow view until now. Now we avoid this narrow view and must regard environment as an integrated concept with person. Through this research, it is hoped that a contribution will be made to the development of nursing knowledge suitable to Korean culture.

In Korea the concept of social support was first used as a research concept in nursing and has not had much application in the clinical field. Another problem is that research on social support has used a direct translation of the words "social support" into Korean as "sawhejukjiji". Three questions were posed to direct the research. 1) Is there a concept of social support in Korean society? 2) if so, what words or expressions are used to describe it? 3) further, if so, how is social support structured and how does it function? In order to answer the research questions a three-step research methodology was used: The first step consisted of a literature review on research related to social support and on information on the background of, and the way of thinking related to interpersonal relations among Korean people. The second step, which was done to identify whether there is a concept of social support in korean society, involved interviewing a sample of the population. The third step involved a panel discussion that included the members of the research team and three consultants, a sociologist, a philosopher and a scholor in korean literature. A review of the literature on interpersonal relationships in traditional korean society identified a four cirole structure that explains interpersonal relationships. The first circle with "me" at the center is the family but here "me" disappears into the "we" that is essential for a cooperative agricultural society. In the second circle are those close to "me" but outside the family. The third circle includes those with whom "I" have infrequent but regular contact and with whom correct conduct is important. The last circle is all the people with whom "I" have nothing in common. They are excluded in interpersonal relationships. The literature on interpersonal relationships showed that within the traditional Korean society people lived in villages where most people were very familiar with each other. "Yun", the social network established the connection and "Jung", the feeling of affection increased with time as the connection was strengthened. In the traditional village psychological support was provided through "Mallaniki", "Pumashi" and "Kae" with the latter two also providing material support. In modern Korea there are more informal and formal social networks, like social services and community activities on the formal level and cultural and leisure groups along with "kae's on the informal level. But even with this modern variety of groups, most social support comes from informal networks that resemble the traditional "Pumashi", "Kai" and "Mallaniki". The six member research team interviewed 65 people in ordsr to identify whether there is a concept of social support and then analysed their responses. There were 20 different words describing the reception of the social support and these could be grouped into seven major categories: virtuous, fortunate, helped, supported, blessed, attached(re-ceiving affection) and receiving (grace) benevolence, there were 27 words describing the act of social support which could be categorized into seven major categories: love, looking after, affection(at-tachment), kindness (goodness), faith, psychological help and material help, for the meaning of social support translated as "sawhe juk jiji" there were a total of 14 different answers which could be categorized into 3 major categories: help, agreement, and faith. In third step, the results of the literature review and the answers to the questions were discussed in a pannel. The results of the discussion led to the following definition of social support in Korea which is shaped like a the four sided pyramid on a base. Social support is the apex of the pyramid and four sides are made up of: "do-oom"(both emotional and material help), "jung"(connectedness, or relationship bound by affection, regard or shared common experience), "midum"(faith or belief in), "eunhae" (kindness or benevolence). The research team identified "Yun"(the basic network of relationships) as the base of the pyramid and as such the foundation for the components of social support in Korean culture. On "Yun" rest the other four components of social support: "Jung", "Midum", "Do-oom", and "Eunhae", For social support to take place there must be "Yun". This is an important factor in social support. In private social network "Jung" is an essential facotr in social support. But not in the public social network. "Yun" is a condition for "Jung" and "Jung" is the manifestation of support.

This article reviewed and analyzed 39 studies on self efficacy theory applied to health related behavior. The following analysis was done: 1) study subjects 2) measurement tools 3) analysis according to the type of research design(intervention research, explanatory research). Some findings are summarized as follows: The study subjects were both healthy people in various developmental stages and patients with various illnesses. The health related behaviors examined in the studies were also various including exercise, smoking cessation, self care behaviors, etc. The measurement of self efficacy was done with specific tools in most studies. In the tools, activities that measured the health behavior domain were listed according to increasing difficulty or contexual arrangement or in combination of both of them. The analysis of 17 intervention research studies showed that generally the intervention program increased the self efficacy level of subjects and then the increased strongly self efficacy influenced behavioral changes. Most studies used more than one intervention method for increasing the self efficacy level. These were derived from sources of self efficacy suggested by Bandura. The analysis of 21 explanatory research studies showed that self efficacy strongly influenced behavior change and persistence. The major independent variable to affect the self efficacy was performance accomplishment in the past. Self efficacy explained more of the variance in health related behavior when it was applied with the variables in the health belief model, health promotion model, and reasoned action theory. On the basis of the above findings, the following suggestions are made: 1. For a desirable research design, self efficacy should be the intervening variable. That is, desirable designs would include intervention-self efficacy-behavior in intervention research studies and antecedent-self efficacy-behavior in explanatory research studies. 2. More prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to test the effect of self efficacy on persistence in health related behavior. 3. Studies comparing the effects of intervention methods are needed for each health related behavior, subject group, and context. 4. It is necessary to develop a reliable, valid measurement tool for self efficacy for each health related behavior. 5. Studies to differenciate the effect of self efficacy from that of outcome expectation on the health related behavior are necessary. 6. The antecedents of self efficacy should he investigated further.

No abstract available.

To build a suitable National Health Care System for the coming 21st century. Nursing must also be renewed. The future Korea will be united and the majority of its population will raidly consist of the aged. Economically standing on the same level with developed countries the growth of scientific technologies will foster communications, firing astounding changes in the medical field. While the overall life style pattern of Koereans not to mention the structure of diseases undergo change, the possibility that the reckless induction of high ech health care may only cause medical fees to eascafate. It can also be expected that the health care system will evolve towards the consumers. Nursing in the 2lst century will be of two scenarios according to WHO, which presents the role of the nurse. The first scenario is that "a generic health care work force" namely a "care giver" will replace all other health professions. If Nursing does not become the compatent profession fitting to this purpose it will eventually dei out. The second scenario is that nurses who are educated in a well grounded and extensive general background and have command of a specialized area will undertake services varying from health promotion to treatment and rehabilitation both direct and indirectly, while supervising other personnel. The nurse here would become the "care giver". To become the necessary health care profession in the 21st century, nurses should be provided with more educational opportunities, variating in its contents, course, and system, enabling them to grow. Clair Faign points out that the minimal educational entry for the nursing profession is a 4 year undergraduate education in this aspect, now in the time to set the future of Nursing into the course of the first scenario. A new educational system stipulating a baccalaureate nursing degree is in urgent need, and aside from govermental actions nurse themseives shoud formaily officialize this process, striving for qualiry assurance. While considering 6 years nursing education programs, multifarious degree courses for existing 3 years educated nurse shoud be provided Junior nursing schools must devise measures to grow into baccalaucate institutions, also. Among the existing courses, the Self Study Degree Program should be converted into RN, BSN courese provided by universities, and clinical training for the University on the Air must be supplimented, The possibility of establishing nursing courses into commercial high school programs only jeopardizes the development of the nursing profession.