The main purpose of this study were; to determine the reliability and validity of evaluation tool administered to the nursing student in nursing management practice,; to identify the effective evaluation method of nursing student in nursing management practice. The subjects were 46 senior nursing students at Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Seoul National University in 1983. The evaluation tool was analyzed according to evaluation method; self-evaluation. and head nurse evaluation. Also individual item of evaluation tool was analyzed by item analysis in order to determine the evaluation area, and appropriateness of the test item used. A Summary of the results is as follows; 1. The reliability and validity of evaluation tool were relatively high both in self-evaluation and head nurse evaluation. 2. In comparison of mean scores, there is no significant difference between head nurse evaluation and self-evaluation. 3. The nursing management activities which have the correlation of self-evaluation and head nurse evaluation were in the activity of interpersonal relation, independent activity and implementing nursing process. In general nursing practice and unit management activity, there was no correlation of self-evaluation and head nurse evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to compare educational needs following open heart surgery assessed by nurses & patients themselves. Data were collected from Nov. 1983 to Jan. 1984 through administration of questionnaire developed for this study by the researcher. The subjects were 45 patients who experienced open heart surgery and 29 nurses who taking care of these patients in chest surgery ward at Seoul National University Hospital. The Data were analyzed by T-test and One Way ANOVA according to dependent variables. The result were as follows 1. There are significant difference between educational needs, assessed by nurses and patients themselves. (p<0.05) The nurses reported higher score of educational needs than patients. 2. In comparison of content area of educational needs, there was significant difference according to respiratory care, pain, chest tube care and operation including heart function between two groups. But, there was no significant difference in diet, activity, complication, emotional care and medication between two groups. 3. The priorities in content area of educational needs rated by nurses and patients were similar.

This study was carried out for the purpose of investigating the degree of importance in nursing activities for the quality of nursing, and was conducted with 72 nurses and 69 patients in Chungnam National University Hospital from January to April, 1984. The results are as follows; 1. The mean important score in physical care activities of the patients (2.58) is higher than that of the nurses (2.48). There is not significant difference for the mean important score in physical care activities between the patients and nurses(t=0.637, df=139, p>0.05). 2. The mean important score in psychological aspects of activities of the patients (2.94) is higher than that of the nurses (2.44). There is a significant difference for the mean important score in psychological aspects of activities between the patients and nurses(t=2.338, df=139, p<0.05). 3. The mean important score in observation, recording and implementing medical care activities of the nurse (2.98) is higher than that of the patients (2.79). There is not significant difference for the mean important score in observation, recording and implementing medical care activities between the patients and nurse (t=1.329, df=139, p>0.05). 4. The mean important score in nursing management activities of the nurses (2.63) is higher than that of the patients (2.57). There is not significant difference for the mean important score in nursing management activities between the patients and nurses (t=1.329, df=139, p>0.05). 5. A number of items in nursing activities considered most important by nurses (Mean important score of 3.0 or above) were 12 items. The most importants item was "shift and exchange of information concerning patient". 6. A number of items in nursing activities considered most important by patients (mean important score of 3.0 or above) were 14 items. The most important item was "Explain about diagnostic test ahead of time". 7. A number of items in nursing activities considered least important by nurses and patients(Mean important score less than 1.9) were 5 items and 2 items, respectively. The least important item by nurses was "plan some diversion or recreation for patient", and the least important item by patients was "Give a bed shampoo".

The purpose of this study is to propose the baseline data for developing the stress measurement tool for staff nurses working in the hospital. Two hundred and fifteen staff nurses in Seoul National University Hospital were participated during the period from Feb. 28 to Mar. 10, 1984. Though the pretest and literature review a questionnaire was constructed with 63 stressors which were experienced by the nurses in the hospital. Subjects were given instruction to rate 1~6 likert type scale according to the level of stress experienced by each stressor described. Reliability of the tool was tested by Cronbach's Alpha, and the result was alpha=0.94871. Factor analysis was applied to organize 63 items together As the result, 15 factors were obtained and these factors explained 66.3% of variance. The 15 factors were: 1) Work overload 2) Role conflict as a profession 3) Lack of professional knowledge and skill 4) Interpersonal problem 5) Conflict in nurse-doctor relationship 6) Work conflict with doctors 7) Emotional burden due to the limitation of medicine 8) Poor treatment 9) Unsatisfactory relationship with supervisor 10) Low reward 11) Unsatisfactory relationship with subordinate 12) Poor physical environment of unit 13) Responsibility for extra affairs 14) Unfamiliar situation 15) Night duty.

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The purpose of this study was to test the effect of the structured preoperative teaching on postoperative recovery and to observe the effects of an structured preoperative teaching on the adult surgical patient's ventilatory function ability, the length of hospital stay, the number of analgesics within a 72 hour postoperative period, the length of early ambulation The research question investigated in the study was: What would be the effects of a structured preoperative teaching upon the adult surgical patients postoperative recovery? This study was based on a sample of 40 patients who were scheduled for abdominal surgery. They were assigned alternately to experimental and control group. Among 40 subjects, 20 were placed in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. Preoperative ventilation function testing of control and experimental subjects was done the evening before surgery and before the patient received the structured preoperative teaching. A structured preoperative teaching was given to the subjects in the experimental group only by writer. postoperative testing was done the 5th postoperative day. The data were collected over a period of two months, from Aug. 8 to Oct. 31, 1983. For the analysis of the data and test for the hypotheses, the t-test with mean difference was used. The results of this study regarding the four-hypotheses were as follows: 1. Experimental group which received structured preoperative eaching will have more increase to-cough and deep breathe as measured by his forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1), maximal voluntary volume 15 (MVV15) than control group without structured preoperative teaching. The ventilation function ability was more increase in experimental group than in control group, the mean difference was statistically significant at 0.01 level. hypotheses 1 was supported. 2. Experimental group with structured preoperative teaching will have more reduced the length of hospital stay than control group without structured preoperative teaching. The length of hospital stay of the experimental group and control group were 11.90 days and 16.05 days respectively. However, the difference was not statistically significant at 0.05 level. Therefore the hypotheses 2 was not supported. 3. Experimental group with structured preoperative teaching will have more reduce the number of analgesics within a 72 hour postoperative period than control group. The number of analgesics within a 72 hour postoperative period of experimental group and control group were 1.65 times and 2.4 times. The difference was not statically significant at 0.05 level. Therefore, the hypotheses 3 was not supported. 4. Experimental group with structured preoperative teaching will have more reduce the length of early ambulation than control group without structured preoperative teaching. The length of early ambulation of experimental group and control group were 2.2 days and 3.6 days respectively. The difference was statistically significant at 0.05 level. The the hypotheses 4 was supported.

In an attempt to take comprehensive nursing care the author tested cognitive function and psychiatric disturbance produced by normal adults. Mini-mental state and simple reaction time were tested and general health questionnaire was conducted two hundred subjects. The data were analyzed statistically and the results follow: 1. The score of mini-mental state of the elderly group was less significant than that of the younger group in the tests of cognitive dysfunction. The score of MMS of the female group, the illiteracy group less significant than that of other groups in the test of cognitive dysfunction. 2. Reaction time of the elderly group was slower than that of the younger group. Reaction time of the female group was slower than that of the male group. Reaction time of the illiteracy group was the slowest & the unskilled group was slower than that of the other groups. 3. As a result of the results of psychiatric disturbance the score of general health questionnaire of the elderly group was significantly higher than that of the younger group in the tests of psychiatric disturbance. The test of psychiatric disturbance showed that the score of general health questionnaire of the female group was significantly higher than that of the male group in the tests of psychiatric disturbance. The illiteracy group was the highest in the psychiatric disturbance among other groups and the unskilled group was significantly higher than the other groups. 4. Education had higher correlation to mini-mental state, while age negative correlation in comparison with other variables age had higher correlation to reaction time, while education had negative correlation in comparison with other variables. Sex had low correlation in these tests.

This study was performed from september 26th to October 7th 1981 to investigate the contamination problems of Nurse's hands characterized by various nursing functions A total of 50 nurse's hands were sampled from 5 different wards of H. University Hospital. The samples were cultured for isolation of microorganisms. The results were as follows: 1. Of 50 Nurses 23 were found to be contaminated by 9 species of bacilli such as Non-fermentative gram negative bacilli, Gram negative bacilli, Oxidase positive, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gaffkya tetragena, Bacillus subtilis. 2. The contaminate rates by wards where they have been serving are; 7(87.5%) of 8 nurses from Intensive care unit, 7(70%) of 10 nurses from general surgery ward, 3(50%) of 6 nurses from neurosurgery ward, 2(20%) of 10 nurses from orthopedic surgery ward, 4(25%) of 16 nurses from medical ward. 3. The contamination rates by the types of clinical service offered are 6(85.7%) of 7 nurses after wound dressing assist 6(33.3%) of 13 nurses after vital sign check. 4. No statistical significance could be observed as to the between the rates of contamination of nurse's hands with various nursing functions(0.15. There was statistically significant relationship between the rates of nurse's hands and clinical ward services(0.026. There was no statistically significant relationship between the rates of contamination of nurse's hand and educational background, and clinical carrier(0.1).

This study attempted to analyzed and confirm the correlation between self-concept and the degree of satisfaction on clinical practice. The subjects of the survey were 194 junior and senior students selected from 5 universities by questionnaire from Nov. 1 to Nov. 30, 1983 in Seoul. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation according to purpose of study. The results were as follows: 1. Self-concept by religion was significant(F=4.51, df=4/185, p=0.002). 2. In the motives of selecting the nursing, most of students chose the nursing depending on their altruism(62.9%), ability and aptitude(57.7%) and better opportunity of studying abroad and getting a job(49.5%) respectively. 3. The degree of clinical practice satisfaction was low as 2.80 of a total score 4.0. The degree of satisfaction of contents(3.22) revealed to be high. Compared with the degree of satisfaction on instruction(2.77), practice hours(2.83), practice environment(2.65), and clinical evaluation(2.60) revealed to be low. Religion and choice order of the admission were not significant in satisfaction of clinical practice(t=0.37, p=0.715). The main hypothesis that "The more positive self-concept will be, the higher the degree of satisfaction on clinical practice will be" was not supported (r=0.0509, p=0.240). The first sub-hypothesis that "The more positive the cognitive self-concept will be, the higher the degree of satisfaction will be" was partially supported. Because favorite-isolated self-concept was significantly correlated with the satisfaction (r=0.1189, p=0.005). The second sub-hypothesis that "The more positive the evaluational self-concept will be, the higher the degree of satisfaction on clinical practice will be" was not supported. As a above results, self-concept was not influenced to the degree of satisfaction on clinical practice, therefore it is required that environment, instruction method and evaluation for clinical practice should be refined and improved by clinical administrators and nursing faculties for nursing student's satisfaction on clinical practice.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the body image adjustment of daily life. 58 subjects who had undergone radical mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy from 1979 to April 1984 at Seoul National University Hospital were selected as a sample and used for a final analysis. Finding of this study were as follows; 1) The relationship between the body image and the adjustment of daily life were significant differences. The body image is more positive, the adjustment of daily life is better. However, the cause-effect relationship was not found in this study.(p<0.05) 2) There were no significant differences in the body image between the right side mastectomy and left side mastectomy, between the radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy between those who had occupation and those who did not have occupation, and between the level of education. 3) There was no significant correlation between the body image and age, between the body image and elapsed time after surgery.

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This article examined relationships between selected variables, such as demographic background, care, treatment variables, environmental characteristics, and patient's daily behavior and mood change. Relationship were determined between independent variabltherapeutic-rapeutie approach, demographic data, environmental management approach, and dependent variable-patient's daily behavioral and mood change. 35 patients selected within some criteria in a psychiatric ward, were observed during 5 weeks by use of Wyatt's Behavior & Mood Rating Scale according to the object of the study. At the same time, the frequence of the care and treatment were collected. Criteria for sample selection and independent variables as an influential factor to the patient behavioral change, based on a literature review and clinical experiences. Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the influential factors to the patient behavioral change. Systematic reading (r=0.8324), Psychiatrist's individual interview (r=0.5764), tranquilizer (r=0.3441) and hospitalization processing date (r=0.4143) were related with patient's behavioral change. That is these 4 variables can be said to influence to the patient's behavior and mood. A stepwise multiple regression analysis of the effect of the independent variables of systematic reading, psychintrists individual interview, tranquilizer and hospitalization processing date on the dependent variable, patient's behavioral change was carried out. Systematic reading with on R2 of. 69 revealed to be the main influential factor to the patient's behavior and mood change, as the next factor psychiatrist individual interview. A total inclusion of these factors revealed a 73% prediction for the patient's behavior and mood change. But the most influential factor was the interaction of the systematic reading and psychiatrist's individual interview.

The main purpose of this study is to develop a ratio scale measuring level of pain using Korean pain terms. The specific purposes of this study are to identify the degree of pain of each pain term in each subclass; to classify each subclass in terms of dimensions of pain; and to analyze factors of the Korean pain ratio scale clustering together. One hundred and fifty eight pain terms which were originally identified as representative terms and their synonyms were used for data collection. Fifty eight nursing professors and sixty one medical doctors who have contacted with patients having pain were asked to rate the weight of each pain term on a visual analogue scale. Subclasses in which ranks of pain terms were same as findings in two previous studies were 1) thermal pain 2) cavity pressure, 3) single stimulating pain, 4) radiation pain. and 5) chemical pain. Subclasses in which ranks of pain terms were confused were 1) incisive pressure, and 2) cold pain. Subclasses in which one new pain term was added were 1) inflammatory-repeated pain, 2) punctuate pressure, 3) constrictive pressure, 4) fatigue-related pressure, and 5) suffering-related pain. Subclasses in which two new pain terms were added were 1) traction pressure, 2) peripheral nerve pain, 3) dull pain, 4) pulsation-related pain, 5) digestion-related pain. Subclass in which 3 new pain terms were included was fear-related pain. Rating scores of 5 words in 4 subclasses were significantly different between the normal group and the extreme group of subjects in terms of subjective rating. Only one word among 5 words was that newly added to the scale. Rating scores of 12 words in 9 subclasses were significantly different between doctor group and nursing professor group. Among these 12 words, only 3 were those newly added to the scale. In comparison of these 12 words, mean scores of the nursing professors were always 7 to 16 points higher than those of the medical doctors. In the analysis of judgement of subjects in terms of dimensions of pain terms, subclasses of dull pain, cavity pressure, tract pain and cold pain were suggested to be included in the miscellaneous dimension. As a result of factor analysis of the ratings given to 96 pain words using principal components analysis without iteration and with varimax rotation limiting the number of factors to 4, factors of severe pain(factor I) mild-moderate pain(factor II), causative pain(factor III) and temperature-related pain(factor IV) were extracted with the factor loading above 0.388. When the pain words were rearranged on the bases of factor loading above 0.368, number of factors decreased to only first two factors. Maximum score of pain word in factor II was 46.17 and the minimum score of the factor 1 was 45.36. Further studies are needed to identify the validity, reliability, sensitivity and practicability of this ratio scale using patients having various sources of pain.

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