The newborn human is the only mammalian who.se mother does not have a food supply ready for it's offspring at birth. From two to four days usually elapse before the mother's supply of milk appears, and during this period, some kind of artificial feeding should be supplied to the infants. Because of this factor, there has been continued debate for the past hundreds of years as to when the first feeding should be started. Accordingly, many experiments were car-ried out by scholars and because of these, pre-lacteal feedings were believed to be neces-sary. Many types of pre-lacteal feedings were tried and the conclusion was reached that glucose water was the best food for the first infants* feedings. Traditionally, This has been started 12 hours after birth. The causes for the 12 hours delay were thought to (1) provide rest for the infants; (2) prevent regurgitation and vomiting which tended to be prevalent during this time; (3) in cases of low weight infants, prevention of aspiration pneumonia. From recent studies of newborn physiology and as pediatric medicine has been rapidly ad-vancing, many studies have been carried out concerning the improvement of infant nutrition and the early feeding of infants has been emphasized. This author believes it would be very beneficial to try two different kinds of feedings for the infant, (1) experimental feedings and (2) comparative feeding, and during this period to investigate and compare the infants blood sugar level, hematocrit, gamma globulin level, weight changes and to observe the infant reaction in order to search for a more desirable feeding program. This study was conducted from January to March 1974 with data related to 40 healthy newborn infants (male 21, female 19: weight, 2. 79-4.20kg: gestation, 39~40 weeks) born at Ewha Womens University Hospital, and the results obtained were as follows: 1. At time of birth the blood sugar level from the cord sample averaged 88. 99mg/100mL, but the blood sugar level rapidly dropped after 2 to 3 hours and reached the fewest point after 10 to 11 hours (54.48mg/100ml) and rose again by the 24 hour time period (76. 80mg /100ml). Changes in the blood sugar level of the experimental groups and the compara-tive group was not significantly different until the 6 to 7 hour period, but by the 10 to 11 hour period the blood sugar levels of the experimental group (49.10mg/100ml) and the comparative group (49.70mg/100ml) were bwer than the remainder of the experimental groups. 2. There ware no significant weight changes between the tw.o groups. Average weight at birth was 3.35kg, but at the 24 hours period, birth weight averaged 3.29kg. (1.8% reduction of birth weight). It continually lowered until at 48 hours, average weight was 3.26kg (2. 7% reduction from birth weight.) 3. Hematocrit readings showed no significant difference between the groups. Hematocrit, the average value at birth, was 28. 07% and abruptly elevated to average 64. 35% at the 2 to 3 hour period, then slowly lowered to an average of 59.67% at the 6 to 7 hour period, 55.10% at the 10 to 11 hour period, and 53.70% at the 24 hour period. 4. At birth, average gamma globulin value averaged 1.39gm/100ml. and at the 24 hour period averaged 1.52gm/100mL revealing no significant difference between the two feeding groups. 5. Such factors as Voiding, passing of meconium, regurgitation and vomiting showed no significance between the two feeding groups. However, the number of infants voiding and passing meconium in the experimental groups during the first 12 hours was slightly greater. In general there was an increased tendency for regurgitation and. vomiting among a small group of the infants during the first 24 hours which thereafter decreased. 6. Fluid intake averaged 24. 38cc at the first feeding and increased to average 30.48cc at the third feeding and further increased to 73.00cc at the fifteenth feeding. Finally, it was suggested that the most reasonable method of early feeding is to give less than 25cc of 5% glucose water and/or 8% powdered milk at 8 to 9 hours after birth in order to prevent hypoglycemia and dehydration.

The concept and definition of nursng and her role have been changing in accordance with the socio-cultural factors of the initial society. At present, nursing is conceptualized as a health qare profession assisting man to restore, maintain and promote health by providing knowledge, will strength and resources through various processes of interaction. Man's behavior, of individual and group, activities for health inclusive, is driven by the initial man' s value orientation. The purppose of this study is to investigate the value orientation regarding health of rural health center milieu in order to give data for; 1. the planning for the delivery of community nursing service, 2. the health education pkn at all level of nursing care activities, and 3. the planning of curriculum for nursing education. A hundred opinion leaders among the labor pupulation residing in rural areas (P-group), hundred and six professional nurses at rural health centers(N-group) were intirectly interviewed through questionaires. And ninety five of N-group were interviewed likewise of their perceptions of P-group (NP-group) from July 15, to October 15, 1974. The result is as follows: 1. Maintenance of health is revealed to be the most valued component for man' s happiness in all the three groups. (P-group;7. 30 S. D. =1.31), (N-group;7,84S. D. =49), and (NP-group; 5. 93 S. D. =2.28) 2. The average value score of the maintenance of health revealed significant difference by P(. 001 level between each of the three groups. (Between N-group snd P-group; T= -4. 07 P and NP; T=-6.93, N and NP; T=-9.35) 3. Basic health maintenance activities necessary for maintenance and promotion of personal health were moderately valued by all the three groups, P-group;3. 74 (S.D. =.43), N-group; 3.52 (S. D.=.34), NP-group; 3.07 (S. D. =,55) Among the 8 categories of basic health maintenanc activities, "food intake" was highly valu-ed by P-gruup(mean value score; 4.00 S. D. =.51), "exercise and rest" and "personal cleanliness" was highly valued by both P-group (4.02, 4.08) and N-group (4.08, 4.22). 4. The mean value score of basic health maintenance activities revealed significant differ-ence by P(.001 level between each of the three groups (between P-group and N-group; T= -4.07, N-and NP; T=-6.93, P and NP; T=- 9.35) 5. Among the 30 questionnaires, dynamic activities for health maintenence were more valued in comparison to passive activities in all the three groups. 6. In N-group, correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and the personal health status personal revealee moderate significance. Correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and the age revealed low significance. 7. In P-group, correlation between the value of basic health maintenance activities and; perception of personal health status revealed non significance, between the age and sex reve-aledlow sign ificance, and between the educational status revealed moderate significance. Recommendations are as follows; 1. The efforts towards alteration of value orientation concerning health in general in community nursing practice de focussed be that of family planning. 2. In order to prepare professional nurses competent in understanding individual and group, social science and behavioral science be strength ened in planning nursing curricuum. 3. Milieu of nursing experience during nursing education be planned to begin at simplenurs-ing problem and move towards complex, f. e. home care towards health crisis situation in orderr to achieve dynamic role mastery.

A study on public health education in curriculums of 14 universities located in Seoul city was carried out from Oct. 15 1974 to Nov. 15 1974. The data were obtained from 11 universities bulletins & 3 universities administration officers. The contentents of public health were obtained by the interview with the teaching professors on the syllabuses. The results were as follows; 1. General public health topics were taught at 4 universities (28.6%) out of 14 universities & 129 departments (25.3%) out of 509 departments. General public health education were taught at 2 universities (28.6%) out of 7 universities with medical school. Of the colleges of education 2 colleges (18.2%) had the public health education in the curriculums. 2. Academic administration of public health education by universities 2 hrs for 2 credits were allocated at 2 universities (50%), while 4 hrs for 2 credits at the rest universities (50 %). Pubic health education were taught as an essential general education at 4 universities. Public health education were taught in freshman course at 2 universities in senior course at 2 other universities. Text books on public health education were chosen at 2 universities and at other 2 universities, just references were introduced to students. Contents of public health education. In two universities teaching programs of public health were undertaken & in other two universities no particular teaching programs were undertaken. And contents of tuberculosis, V. D. & communicable disease control. pregnancy & delivery, precaution of post partum maternal & child health were taught at 4 universities. Contents of health & college students, alcohol, tobacoo & coffee, chosen of sports were taught at few university. 3. General public health education instructors; The instructors were consisted of 13 men (81.2%) &3 women (18.8%) Physicians were 11 (68.8%), nurses 2 (12.5%) & others 3(18.7%) Full time instructors were 7 (43.7%) part time instructors 9 (56.3%) Position & organization instructors belong to;

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of nursing education and clinical experience an the tear of death among nursing students and nurses. The fear responses were measured by the' Cotlett- Lester Fear of Death Scale'which is composed of 4 subseales to measure fear of death of self, fear of death of others, fear of dying of self and fear of dying of others. To investigate the influence of nursing education on the tear of death, the freshmen and the senior class of the nursing students were compared. The senior students were again compared with graduate nurses to investigate the influence of clinical experience on the fear of death. To investigate the possible institut ional difference in the fear response to death among different group of nurs.es and nursing students, students and nurses from Seoul National University and Korea University were selected to participate in the study. The three hypotheses formulated for this study are as follows: 1. Fear of death will decrease with increased educational level 2. Fear of death will decrease with increased clinical experience. 3. There will be institutional difference in the fear of death. The results obtained are as follows: 1. There was no significant differences in the fear of death between freshman and senior students. 2. There was no significant differences in the fear of death between senior students and graduate nurses. 3. There was significant difference between nurses and senior students in the subscale of fear of dying of others inwhich the nurses were found to be more fearful. 4. There were significant differences in the subscales of fear of dying of self and fear of dying of others between two institutions.

No abstract available.

Author studied on various psychiatric nursing problems applying with the test of questionnaire to the 376 nurses who are attending at 13 general hospitals and one mental hospital in Korea from Apr. 1, 1974 to July 30. 1974. The results obtained were as follows; 1. 13.0% of nonpsychiatric registered nurses wanted the psychiatric service for their most attractive assignment and this was the 3rd in order next to the general surgical and operating room. Among the psychiatric nurses, the poularity toward psychiatric ward was 31.0% and they were 26. 0%at the private general hospitals and 6.0% in national public hospitals. 2. The feelings or attitudes of disgust and apprehension on nursing care of the patients afflicted with infectious diseases were the highest responses (38.5%) and these trends were also appeared in 6. 9% of psychiatric nurses. 3. 85. 5% of nonpsychiatric registered nurses have had received course lectures On psychiatric nursing and nursing care training on the psychiatric ward at their school of nursing. 38.0% of psychiatric nurses had received post graduate psychiatric nursing and they were higher in national public hospitals (27. 0%) than in private general hospitals (11.0 %). 4. The responses of satisfaction and security on their employment were almost similar patterns between nonpsychiatric registered oursesr and psychiatric nurses. But, among the psychiatric nurses, they were more satisfied at private general hospitals (33.0%) than that of national public hospitals (10. 0%). 5. Almost the half of the nurses (50. 8%) were employed by the hospitals without considering their past educational or clinical experience or career. Among the psychiatric nurses, who were empolyed by hospitals without considering their past experience or career were 35.0% in national public hospitals and 12.0% in private hospitals. On the contrary, the nurses who were employed by their wishes were more higher (26. 0%) in private general hospitals than national public hospitals (2. 0%). 6. The nurses who thought their employment was fit for their aptitude were 48. 6% in nonpsychiatric. registered nurses and 51.0% in psychiatric nurses. Among the psychiatric nurses, this response was higher in private general hospitals (34. 0%) than the national public hospitals (17.0%). 7. Responses on work loadings of nurses showed almost same patterns between nonpsychia- tric registered nurses and psychiatric nurses. But. among the psychiatric nurses who felt much heavier than the nurses of other part were 24.0% in national public hospitals and 8.0% in private general hospitals. 8. 92.6% of nurses felt that the psychiatric nurses should have post graduate training in psychiatric nursing prior to their assignment 9. 96.0% of nurses agreed to the risk coverage on the payment for the nurses assigned to the psychiatric ward and the ward for infectiosu diseases.

The investigators conducted this survey to find out prevalence of diseases and symptoms of the 812 nurses who were working at the 12 Seoul city and University' s hospital in Seoul by retrospective study The results of yurvoy were summarized as follows: I. Distribution of Prevalence Rate of Diseases and Symptoms. 1) An average prevalence rate of diseases and Symptoms of the nurses/100 persons was 64.3 cases at present October 1.1972 2) The total number of diseases and Symgtoms was 522 cases at present Oct, 1 1972 for the surveyd nurses. The prevalence rate of following diseases/100 persons were as , foot sore-11,3. myopia-9. 7, neuralgia-9. 6, anemia-9.1, insomnia-8.6 cases and the corrected number percent of prevalence rate of disesses and symptoms of the above diseases into 100 denominator were as follows; foot sore-17. 6%, myopia-15.4%, neuralgia-14. 9%, anemia-14. 2% insomnia-13. 2%. 3) The prevalence rate of diseases and symptoms/100 person for the age group of 45 and over was 140, 0 cases and the age of 35-39 years was 27. 3 cases. 4) The prevalence rate of diseases and symptoms/100 persons by the rotation system of nurses' duty/day were as follows; two shift system rotation-86. 7 cases, three shift system rotation-67. 9 cases and day duty ony was 56. 2 cases. 5) The prevalence rate of diseases and symptoms/100 person by the basic nursing education background seemed to be lower occurance against to the higher education and it was 9 4.4 cases at the Technical Nursing High School graduates. 6) The prevalence rate of diseases and symptoms/100 persons by the marital status of the nurses were as follows; single-64. 8 cases, married-48. 7 cases, and widowed-28. 6 cases. II. Relationship Between working Experience and prevalence of the Disease and symptoms. 1) There were no relationship by statistical test between prevalence of eye disease and experience at the eye ward(p)0. 05), skin disease and experience at the dermatology ward (p}0.05), foot sore and experience at the operating room (p)0. 05), varicos vein and experi ence at the operating room(p)0. 05), sore finger and experience at the central supply room (p)0.05), infectious disease and experience at the isolation ward(p}0. 05). 2) There was significant relationship by statistical lest between pulmonary tuberculosis and experience at the tuberculosis ward. (P<0.05) Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was five times in experienced group than non experienced group.

It had been thought the role of Nursing administrator was still not started along the right line in Korea because of the Lacking of full understanding and recognition of the real meaning of administrator' s role, and because there are several Rinds of problems and difficulties in actual role. The present study is an attempt to clarify some existing relationships between the chief Nurse' s Leadership style and the organizational climate of Hospitals. The problems of the study are specifically started as follows; 1) What influence does the individual behavior have on the formation of the organizational climate of Hospital ? 2) From what do the difference of climate arise ? 3) How are the individual be havior and organizational climate of Hospital measured ? In order to see the relationships of the interactions between the two factors, the chief nurse' s Leadership style and organizational climate of hospital, the researcher has classified, the former into; 1) effective Leadership style. 2) initiating structure leadership style. 3) Consideration structure Leadership style, and 4) ineffective Leadersip style, and the latter in to. 1) open climate and 2) closed climate The Chief Nurses Leaderehip style has been. Classified into consideration-human relations approaches and initiating structure approaches according to L. B. D. Q by Hapin. Organizational climate of hospital has been classified into open-closed continum according to O. C. D Q. by Halpin and Croft. The results obtained are as follows! 1) The chief nurse' s Leadership style is closer to Initiating structure Leadership style than Consideration structure Leadership style. 2) The organizational climate of hospital is closer to open climate than closed climate. 3) The chief nurse's Leadership style and the organizational climate of hospital to not sh OW any significant relations.

This study was performed from July to December 1974 to investigate the rates of contamination of distilled water for injection and local anesthetics. 222 vials were sampled from 7 different places of St. Mary' s Hospital The samples were cultured for isolation of microorganisms. The resultswere as follows; 1. Of 222 vials, 11 were Contaminated by 6 types; Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus subtilis, Mima polymorpha, Alcaligenes faecalis, Herellea vaginicala and pepto-streptococcus. 2. 5(9.1%) of 55 vials from surgical wards, 2(4.2%) of 48 vials from surgical OPD, and 4(12.1%) of 33 vials from pediotric wards were contaminated. 3. Between rates of contamination of distilled water for injection and local anesthetics and the number of punctures, there was no significant relationship. (CR=1.42 P> 0.1) 4. There was no significant relationship (CR=1.02 P> 0.1) between the rates of contamination of vials and the duration of the first and the last punctures. 5. The ratios of contamination between 75% alcohol and 2% phenol used for disinfection of rubber lids of vials did not show significant difference.

As the hospitalized patients will be facing new stress situation due to change of his environment from home to hospital, it will be very important to understand the psychological stress experienced by hospital patients not only for helping patients in the process of recovery from illness but also fulfilling the objective of comprehensive nursing care by understanding the needs of the patients. There Is no doubt that it would be very helpful for trentment of patients as well as for improvement of nursing care if we know more about psychological needs of patients and give them adequate support to meet these needs. The study to find out the causes and degree of stress events experienced by hospitalized patients, with the objective of instituting improvement of nursing care program based on the needs of patients, was conducted during the month of September 1974 with 60 patients randomly selected from those admitted to medical and surgical wards at Yonsei Medical Center in that period. The questionnaire form included 36 questions which are considered to be stress events for hospital patients, and was devided into five areas namely, such events related to 1) disease itself, 2) hospital environment, 3) nursing care and treatment, 4) communication and human relations, and 5) family and economic problems. The results of the study were as follows: 1. It was confirmed that hospitalization considered to be a stress producing factor and most patients perceived the admission to hospital as a stress factor. 2. According to the rating scale, it was found that degree of perceived stress shows a variation according to the source of stress producing event. 3. No significant differences in the mean values were observed statistically with the perceived stress levels according to demographic and other variables of patients related to hospitalization. 4. Among the questions related to disease itself, "Admission for surgery" was perceived most frequently as a stress event (97.14%) by patients. 5. With regard to the questions related to hospital environment, "death of the patient roommate" was the most serious stress event perceived by patients (90%) and "living with hospital regulations" was considered to be less serious stress event (23.33%). 6. As for the questions related to nursing care and treatment, "limitation of freedom" was perceived as a stress factor most frequently (70.91%) by the patients and "worry for wrong treatment" turned out to be less frequent stress event (50.0%). 7. As for the questions related to communication and human relations, "difficulty to meet doctors when wanted" appeared to be the most frequent stress event by the respondents (75. 86%), followed by "no explanation about treatment or examination" (75.0%) and "no explanation about nursing care procedures" (71.66%). 8. With regard to the questions related to family and economic problems, "inadequate finances ior tamily living due to hospitalization" and "high cost oi hospitalization" were the most frequent cause of stress mentioned by the pa:ients. (80.0%). 9. As a result of application of the slepwise regression analysis, it was found that about 89% was explained by those events associated will) disease itself, hospital environment and family and economic problems. By adding those events related to "nursing care and treatment" and"communication and human relation", 100% of stress associated with hospilalization was explained.

When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population grwth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nures as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Furthermore family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed. Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In- service education in family planning so tnat effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the natonal population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives: 1. To find out the general charaeteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educ-ational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital. A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X2 test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74%of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the sub jects on the average than did respondents from diptoma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-ligation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic transion, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfer-ring factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondcnta.

Most of mothers place their babies in either supine or prone position without change of positi on. Studies comparing supine and prone position of the newborn infants .have already been performed with the result that the prone position is relatively better than the supine position. However, one kind of position recommended to the mothers is not sufficient for the good rearing practice of children, because the same position placed forperiod long of time may bring out physical, mental tension and fatigue, and deformities of the skull and the thorax. For this reason nurses have to find out other position which has identical or more advantages than prone position so as to perform the position change for the babies. Main purpose of this study is to identify the differences of vital signs, the number of urination, defecation, diaper rash, crying and amount of feeding of the newborn infants with prone position or lateral position during the first three days of life. Sixty two newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from July 1 to September 5, 1974 were chosen as subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies born with vaginal delivery; body weight 2.5kg or over at birth; Apgar score Seven or over; and gestation period between thirty-eight months and forty-two months. Of these subjects, by random sampling, thirty-one newborn infants were placed in the prone position and the other thirty-one in the lateral position. The results of this study reviewed in a statistical analysis of the t-test to obtain the following findings: 1. The heart rates of babies in the prone position were the mean heart rates of 135.03 and those in the lateral position 135.98 without any statistically significant difference. 2. There was no significant difference of respiration rate between two groups: a group in the prone position showed the mean respiration rates of 45, 57 and the other in the lateral position 46.49. 3. There was no significant difference of body temperature between two groups: the mean body temperature of a group placed in the prone position was 98degrees18'F (36degrees77'C) and that of the other group 98degrees20' F(36degrees78'C). 4. One baby showed diaper rash only in a group of infants in the prone position. 5. The number of crying of the babies in the prone position were 23.70 and those in the lateral position 30.00 with a statistical difference at 5 percent level. 6. There was no difference of frequency of urination between two groups: the mean frequency of a group placed in the prone position was 5.11 and that of the other group 5. 06. 7. There was no significant difference of frequency of defecation between two groups: the mean frequency of a group placed in the prone position was 4.20 and (hat of the other group 4.21. 8. There was no significant difference of feeding amount between two groups: the average amount of a group in the prone position showed 325.03 and that of the other group in the lateral position 291.51. All the above results mean that we may substitute the lateral position for the prone position or utilize both positions for the rearing practice of the babies.