The present study was undertaken in an effort to investigate the effects of alcohol on survival of mice and on their humoral and cellular immune responses. The immune responses examined were Arthus and delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) reactions to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzend(DNFB), antibody response to thymus-dependent SRBC and to thymus-independent polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP), and the recovery of Gryptococcus neoformans from the liver, spleen, kidney and brain of experimentally infected mice. The administration of ethanol concern tractions of 20% or less did not cause any change in survival rates as compared with saline injected control group. In general, ethanol administration inhibited the Arthus and DTH reactions to SRBC, contact hypersensitivity to DNFB, and antibody response to both SRBC and PVP and it also decreased the resistance of mice to C. neoformans infection. Taken together, the present study strongly suggested that ethanol inhibits immune response and decrease the resistance of mice to C. neoformans infections.

In this prospective study, factors contributing to the development of decubitus ulcers were examined. Factors were identified by a literature review and a conceptual framework was developed. Regular observations were made during the subjects' hospitalization to determine the incidence of decubitus ulcers, and to assess other decubitus ulcer risk factors. Seventeen out of 146 admitted for neurological problems patients developed decubitus ulcers during the three month study period. There were no significant differences in the level of serum albumin, hemoglobin, hemoglobin or age between those who developed decubitus ulcers and those who did not. There also was no difference in incidence between patient who were paralyzed and those not paralyzed. Mean hospitalization days until decubitus ulcer development was 6.5 days. According to the results of discriminant analysis, four factors - 1) friction and shear, 2) sensory perceptual impairment, 3) low diastolic pressure, and 4) multiple use of sedative medications -predicted 84.93% of decubitus ulcer incidence.

Perineal discomfort from episiotomy continues to be a problem for many postpartum women. The purpose of this study were to compare the effect of ice bag and heat lamp for the relief of perineal discomfort and to identify the sustaining time of each effect. Forty women took ice bag heat lamp with random assignment of initial therapy. Women rated the degree of perineal discomfort before and after each therapy and at half-hour, two-hour and four-hour intervals after each therapy. A discomfort scale, 18 cm graphic rating scale, was used. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score than the heat lamp group at the half-hour and two-hour intervals after therapy. 2. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score for 4hrs after than before therapy, but the heat lamp group did not show significantly lower discomfort score. 3. Neither the type of episiotomy nor the previous experience of heat therapy influenced on the effect of ice bag relieving the perineal discomfort. Therefore ice bag was significantly more effective in relieving perineal discomfort than heat lamp. Subjective responses of patients who took both therapy were very favorable toward ice bag. I suggested that nurses should provide women with adequate information about the use of ice bag and encourage to apply ice bag instead of heat lamp after episiotomy in order to promote the relief of perineal discomfort and the healing of perineal wound.

From of old, labor has been accompanied by pain and much effort has been mode to eliminate or diminish the amounts of pain during labor. Little concern has yet been given to the subjective meaning of pain in labor. Recently, rates of cesarean section in Korea and in some other nations have increased rapidly and some investigators are reporting negative reactions such as anger, disappointment and feeling of loss due to lack of control over labor and its pain. These findings are thought to suggest that control of labor and its pain gives some meaning to the laboring woman. Thus the investigators sought of discover the meaning of pain during labor for Korean women. Specific objectives of this study were to explore the meaning of pain in labor in labor in labor to the mothers, their reactions to the experience of labor and their preference for delivery method. The subjects of this study were 95 mothers who delivered their babies in hospital from September 989 to May 1990 : 45 gave birth by vaginal delivery, and 50 by cesarean section. Data were gathered through direct interviews by the investigators, and questions were focused on five areas i.e. mothers' feelings about delivery and their babies, their feelings about of having more children, the most difficult aspect about this labor and delivery, and what they though the differences were between vaginal delivery and cesarean section. After interview, mothers' answer were summarized, and classified according to the degree of positive or negative attitude. To ascertain the difference in meaning of labor pains and reaction to delivery experience between mothers delivered vaginally and by cesarean section a Median test was done using an SAS. Results were as follows. 1. More mothers who had delivered vaginally realized that they "have became a mother" than those who had a cesarean section(X2=8.409, df=3, p=0.038). 2. Immediate reaction to their delivery experience was more positive for mothers who had a cesarean section. 3. These Korean mothers expressed preference for vaginal delivery. Suggestions for further research on the meaning for mothers of their experience of labor, and on the meaning of pain for mothers who have a cesarean section were made.

The purpose of this study were to identify causal factors of Anxiety and to analyze correlation between perceived family support and anxiety in hemiplegic patients. The subjects of this study were 88 hospitalized hemiplegic patients at Kyung-Hee Oriental medicine Hospital. Data were collected by using interview with questionnaire from Jan. 15 to Mar. 31, 1990. The measurement tools used by this researcher were Kang's family support scale. Spielberger's trait anxiety scale and the other anxiety scale which was developed by this researcher, approved it's reliability and validity. For the purposes of the study, the collected data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA and the hypothesis was tested by pearson correlation, partial correlation. The results of the study were as follow. 1) The analysis of causal factor of anxiety higher anxiety these three cases ; (1) 1st causal factor was the delayed recovery of paralyzed upper limbs(2.42+/-1.27). (2)2nd causal factor was the dysfunction of physical ability(2.30+/-1.29). (3) 3rd causal factor was difficulty for walking(2.30+/-0.83) and the anxiety level(2.02+/-0.83) of physical factor was the highest level than any other factors. 2) The hypothesis that the more perceived family support level is the less anxiety level of patient was supported(r=-.29, p=.003). 3) The analysis of the general characteristics exerting influences on anxiety level patients ; (sex, age, marital status, religious, education level, occupation, economic status, experience of hospitalization, care giver, the period of hospitalization side, of paralysis). In this analysis, any factor has not a statistical significance.(p>.05). 4) The analysis of the relationship about effective factors of family support level by the general characteristics of patient(sex, age, marital status, religious, education level, occupation, economic status, experience of hospitalization, care giver, the period of hospitalization, side of paralysis). In this analysis, there was significant difference on perceived family support between married and bereaved patients(t=-2.68, p=.009). As a result of this study, anxiety level of physical factor was higher than any other factors (psychological factor, social factor) and the delayed recovery of paralyzed upper limbs is the largest causal factor of anxiety of physical factor. Meanwhile, the relationship between the degree of family support and the level of anxiety was negatively correlated but degree of relationship was low. Therefore, one can infer from this study that sufficient information about recovery of physical problems and family support were effective in preventing and reducing anxiety in hemiplegic patient.

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of health contract on the performance level for activity of daily living(ADL) in the hemiplegic patients. A quasi-experimental research for health contract, which was approved as an effective method of nursing intervention, was attempted to increase the performance of the hemiplegic patients' ADL. As a purpose sample, 69 hemiplegic patients hospitalized at Oriental medicine hospital of K university were taken and divided into the experimental group and the control group by means of random assignment. After Contracting with the experimental group, they were reinforced everyday for 20 minutes. The experimental group and the control group were observed and interviewed for five times at the in interval of 3~4 days by the trained nurses for this research. The data Collected through above mentioned methods were compute analyzed by t-test and ANOVA according to the purpose of this study. The data collected trough above mentioned methods were computer analyzed by t-test and ANOVA according to the purpose of this study. Strate increased the performance level for ADL than the Control group" was supported(t=2.96, df=52.76, p=.004). Sub Hypothesis 1,2,4,5, : "The hypothesis that the experimental group with health contract will demonstrate increased the performance level for eating(t=2.29, df=42.70, p=.027), personal hygiene and grooming(t=4.04, df=43.10, p=.000), dressing(t=3.32, df=67, p=.001) and undressing(t=3.47, df=48.44, p=.001) than the control group" was supported. Sub Hypothesis 3.6 : "The hypothesis that the experimental group with health contract will demonstrate increased the performance level for toiletting(t=.19, df=67, p=.849) and mobilization(t=.30, df=67, p=.765) than the control group" was not supported. The conclusion can be that the positive relationship between the nurses and the patient results in the desired performance level for ADL in the hemiplegic patients.

The study was conducted to examine Mother-Infant interaction and Maternal identity in two groups, that is, premature infant and its mother and full-term infant and its mother. For this purpose, the data were collected from 24 sample groups(12 for premature dyads and the remaining 12 for full-term dyads) by using observation method and questionnaires during July, 20 through September 30, 1987. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. In terms of Mother-Infant Interaction, full-term dyads considerably stood out compared to that of premature dyads(u=21, p<0.01). 2. In terms of Maternal Identity, through full-term dyads showed somewhat high results, there was not a significant difference between two groups. 3. There was a significant correlation between Mother-Infant Interaction and Maternal Identity.

The purpose of this study was to describe mother-infant interacting behavior patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally delivered and were also planned to breast-feed were comprised as the subjects of this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individually at 1 to 5 days after the delivery at the hospital, mid-wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city. The observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were tape-recorded and then recorded in narrative from. Mother-infant interaction behaviors in early feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother-infant dyad. 8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument, interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation, instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic behaviors referred to mother-infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting factor for mother-infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother-infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban vs urban area, and who were multipara vs primipara. Using a chi-square test, there were statistically significant relationship in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth is considered little more than a biological organism without is still be attached to his mother, he makes his mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral series. On the other hand, it was seen that infant reacted independently to his mother's behavior by the innate perceptual abilities. Those independent behavioral series of mother and infant on the feeding situation were synchronized at any moment. Nurses are in a unique position to teach mothers about their infant's capabilities and help reducing some of uncertainty about infant's behaviors. Study results indicated that the informations infant's social capabilities and breast feeding should be given to the mothers. The results of this study have several implications for nursing. First, the study results will be used as fundamental resources for the development of the assessment tool about the early mother-infant interaction. Second, the results could be a relevant information in the field. I of maternal child nursing education as real and useful data. Third, the behavioral patterns of early mother-infant interaction which were classified based on the qualitative analysis could be used for nursing theory development as very fundamental data.