The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of family function and to determine factors influencing family function. The subjects for this study were 451 adults and high school students among the general population from J city. Data were collected by questionnaire from Sept. 1 to Nov. 30, 1989. The measurement tool was the Family Function Questionnaire (APGAR) developed by Smilkstein. Data were analysed by statistical methods including Mean, S.D, t-test and ANOVA. The following results were obtained : 1. The mean Family APGAR score was 5.70+/-0. 11, in a range from 0-10. 2. Scores from 0 to 6, which fall into the dysfunctional family range, were recorded for 266 families (59.6%). 3. Significant variables among general characterisics influencing family function were age, sex, marital status, educational levels, monthly income and occupation (p< .001). 4. Significant variables among family characteristics influencing family function were family life cycle (p<.01), utilization of family resources(p<.01) and family atmosphere (p< .001).

A cost analysis for hospitalized patients was camied out based upon Patient Classification System (PCS) in order to determine an appropriate nursing fee. The data were collected from 21 nursing units of three teaching hospitals from April 1 to June 30, 1989. First, all of the 22,056 inpatients were classified into mildly ill (Class I), moderately ill (Class II), acutely ill (Class III), and critically ill (Class IV) by the PCS which had been carefully developed to be suitable for the Korean nursing units. Second, PCS cost accounting was applied to the above data. The distribution of inpatients, nursing costs, and nursing productivity were as follows : 1) Patient distribution ranged from 45% to class I, 36% to class II, 15% to class III, and 4% to class IV, the proportion of class IV in 'H' Hospital was greater than that of the other two hospitals. 2) The proportion of Class III and IV in the medical nursing units was greater than that of surgical nursing units. 3) The number of inpatients was greatest on Tusedays, and least on Sundays. 4) The average nursing cost per hour was W 3,16 4 for 'S' hospital, W 3,511 for 'H' hospital and W 4, 824 for 'K'hospital. The average nursing cost per patient per day was W 14,126 for 'S' hospital, W 15, 842 for 'H' hospital and W 21,525 for 'K' hospital. 5) The average nursing cost calculated by the PCS was W 13,232 for class I, W 18,479 for class II, W 23,000 for class III, and W 25,469 for class IV. 6) The average nursing cost for the medical and surgical nursing units was W 13,180 and W 13,303 respectively for class I. W 18.248 and W 18.707 for class II, W 22,303 and W 23,696 for class III, and W 24,331 and W 26.606 for class IV . 7) The nursing costs were composed of 85% for wages and fringe benefits, 3% for material supplies and 12% for overhead. The proportion of wages and fringe benefits among the three hospitals ranged from 75%, 92% and 98% for the 'S', 'H', 'K' hospitals respectively, These findings explain why the average nursing cost of 'K' hospital was higher than the others. 8) According to a multi- regression analysis, wages and fringe benefits, material supplies, and overhead had an equal influence on determining the nursing cost while the nursmg hours had less influence. 9) The productivity of the medical nursing units were higher than the surgical nursing units, productivity of the D (TS) -nursing unit was the lowest while the K (Med)-nursing unit was the highest in 'S' hospital. In 'H" hospital, productivity was related to the number of inpatients rather than to the characte ristics of the nursing units. The 'K' hospital showed the same trend as 'S' hospital, that the productivity of the medical nursing unit was higher than the sur gical nursing unit. The productivity of 'S' hospital was evaluated the highest followed by 'H' hospital and 'K' hospital. Future research on nursing costs should be extended to the other special nursing areas such as pediatric and psychiatric nursing units, and to ICU or operating rooms. Further, the PCS tool should be carefully evaluated for its appropriateness to all levels of institutions (primary, secondary, tertiary). This study took account only of the quantity of nursing services when developing the PCS tool for evaluating the productivity of nursing units. Future research should also consider the quality of nursing services including the appropriateness of nursing activities.

The Purpose of this study is for clinical nurses to be aware of the significance of prevention against bacteriuria caused form foley catheterization, through probing variables related to the occurrence of bacteriuria which appears as the most frequent occurring infection, and try to lower bacteriuria by applying to nursing care at the clinical. For this study 46 patients with catheterization and the closed drainage system were sampled and investigated from among patients at Intensive Care Unit in Two hospitals affiliated to K University in Seoul. Those patients sampled had not shown bacteriuria before foley catheterization. The research design is to explore the effectiveness of prevention against bacteriuria in accordance with bladder irrigation and no bladder irrigation. Especially, the frequency of uccuuence of bacteriuria examined so as to compare the effectiveness of bladder irrigation depending on the type of foley catheter between 2 -lumen foley catheter and 3 - lumen foley catheter. The results Were as follows. 1. The occurrence of bactenuna in patient with bladder irrigation was 21.7%, while in patient without bladder irrigation 26.1%. 2. The occurrence of bactenuna in patient without bladder irrigation according to duration of indwelling catheter, was 4.3% after 48 h, 8.7% after 72 h and 21.7% after 96 h. 3. In case of 2 - lumen foley catheter the occurrence of bacteriuria in patient with bladder irrigation was 0% after 72 h, and 4.35% after 96 h. In case of 3 -lumen foley catheter, the occurrence of bacteriuna in patient with bladder irrigation was 13% after 48 h, 8.7% after 72 h and 43% after 96 h. 4. The occurrence of bacteriuria according to duration of catheterization was 8.7% after 48h, 8.7% after 72 h and 15.2% alter 96 h. In sex, female was 35% and male 15.4%. 5. The occurrence of bacteriuria according to mental state was 15% in clear state, while 29.6% in mental disorder. 6. In regard to a kind of microorganism induced bacteriuna. Gram negative bacteria was 63.7% Gram positve bacteria 36.3%

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing role adaptation in newly employed nurses and the consistency between role expectations before employment and after one year of employment. The results of this study may contribute to strategy development towards positive role adaptation in newly employed nurses. The data used in this study were colleted from 111 nurses, the sample was drawn from all newly employed professional nurses working at Y Medical Center in 1987. The data were collected longitudinally in the 2nd ?3rd weeks, the 3rd month and the 12th month after employment. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The degree of change the importance of factors influencing role adaptation and the length of time after employment were investigated. The result showed that the degree of change was the greatest within the first 3 months after emloyment. Important factors related to role adaptation were working conditions, the environment of the assigned ward and the work load. These factors always displayed high scores without any great change over time. New employees put more importance on practical factors which were obtained through experience in their jobs rather than on ideal factors which they had considered more important while in school. 2. Consistency between role expectation before employment and after 12 month of employment was investigated. The highest consintency item was the expectation about the variety of patients, and the highest inconsistency was the expectation about their own welfare. An average score of 69.07 points was achieved from a maximum of 225 points for the 25 items, showing that expectations tor role development before employment were not fully satisfied. In conclusion the administraor should assess the initial expectation at the time of employment of new nurses and she / he should make clear to the new nurses that these expectations may not be realistic. In this way the administrator can provide more satisfactory conditions towards the expectations of the new nurses and help them towards positive role adaptation and reduction of role conflict. Newly employed nurses have high and unrealistic expectations about socialization to the profession from their nursing educational program. It is suggested that a transitional training program should be planned and carried out for newly employed nurses.

The purpose of the present study is to confirm the interacting behavior between nurses and patients and other things concerned herewith. Subjects of investigation were : 42 nurses selected out of the average nurses who serve in hospital as nurses assigned to medical and surgical wards : and 42 male and female adult patients selected out of the average patients who were under the care of the nurse individuals and can make themselves understood verbally. A nurse and her patient were paired off for questioning. Materials for statistics were gathered by means of observaing interactions - - verbal and nonverbalo - - of the chosen subjects for four hours every day from 7 : 30 a.m. through 7 : 30 p.m. between on July 15, 1 988 and on Aug. 16, 1988. Classified by patterns, the materials observed and gathered were preliminarily analyzed by this researcher, and then reexamined in a full-fledged way by one professor, three nurses and three non ?nurses. The researcher depended chiefly on Frequency, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient attached to SPSS Computer System for the process of gathered materials. The results of this investigations are follows 1) A total of 98 times' interactions between nurses and patients were provided during observation of 16 8 hours. 2) It took them the averaged 264.8 seconds (around 4.4 minutes) per a couple of subjects to interact between nurses and patients during observation of four hours. 3) The aim of interactions between nurses and patients appear that 29 times of injection amounted to 29.6% the most, 27 times of PO around to 27.6% the next most, 25 times of vital check to 25.5% the next most, 17 times of independent nursing works and round to 17.3% the least most. 4) As a result of Qualitative analyzing the interactions between nurses and patients by the distinctive method of words were positively recognized in 19 cases with 45.2% and negatively in 23 cases with 54.8%. 5) A total of 2,193 times, interaction behaviours between nurses and patients were provided. The frequency of these interaction behaviours took place 1,3 64 times with 62.2% to nurse, and 829 times with 3 7.8% to patients. 6) The classification of verbal and nonverbal interaction behaviour between nurses and patients indicated that it is amounted to 64.9% for verbal behaviour numbered 1,423 and 35.1% for nonverbal one numbered 770. 7) The frequency of verbal behaviour between nurses and patients numbered 1,423 in total. They took place 924 times to nurses and 499 times to patients, it can be also amounted to 64.9% and 35.1% respectively in percentagewise. 8) In interactions betwen nurses and patients, it turned out that the frequency of nurses' turns, which the present research discovered averaged 16.8 times for four hours, and the verbal behaviours by numbered 9.7 on an average. 9) Nonverbal behaviours between nurses and patients numbered 770 in total, it is assigned 440 times to nurse with 57.1% and 330 times to patients with 42.9%. 10) The investigation releases in formation that the frequency of verbal behaviours between nurses and patients was very much concerned with the age of patients(r=0.422, p<.01) and the number of patients one nurse has under her care (r= -0.356, p<.01). 11) It was found that were deep relationship of the number of a nurses turn with the patients age(r=0. 377, p<.01) and the nurses burden of caring patients (r=-0.372, p<.01).

Clinical and epedemiologic studies of coronary heart disease(CHD)have from time to time over the last three decades found associations between prevalence of CHD and behavioral attributes and cigarette smoking. The main purpose of this study is reduced to major risk factor of coronary heart disease through prohibition of smoking and control of behavior pattern. The subjects consisted of 120 smokers and 90 non-smokers who were married men older than 30 years working in officers. The officers were surveyed by means of question naire September 26 through October 6, 1989. The Instruments used for this study was a self-administered measurement tool composed of 59 items was made through modifications of Jenkuns Activity Survery(JAS). The Data were analysed by SAS( Statistical Analsis System) program personal computer. The statistical technique used for this study were Frequency, χ²-test, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The 15 items were chosen with items above 0.3 of the factor loading in the factor analysis. In the. first factor analysis 19 factors were extracted and accounted for 86% of the total variance. However when the number of faetros were limited to 3 in order to derive Jenkins classification, three factors were derived. There names are Job - Involvement, Speed & Impatience, HardDriving. Each of them includes 21 items, 21 and 9, respectively. The results of this study were as follow : 1. The score of the smoker group and non-skomer group in Job- involvement (t=5.7147, p<0.0001), Speed & Impatience(t =4.6756, p<.000l), Hard-Driving(t = 8.0822, p<.0001) and total type A behavior pattern showed statistically significant differences(t=-8.1224, p<.0001). 2. The score of type A behavior pattern by number of cigarettes smoked daily were not statistically significant differences. 3. The score of type A behavior pattern by duration of smoking were not significant differences. It was concluded that the relationship between smokers and non - smokers of type A behavior pattern was statistically significant difference but number of cigarettes smoked daily and duration of smoking were not significant differences. Therefore this study is needed to adequate nursing intervention of typo A behavior pattern in order to elevated to educational effect for prohibition of cigarette smoking.

The purposes of this study are to delineate a profile of the state of a stroke patient's adaptation at 3 months after hospitalization and to explore the relationship between the level of adaptaion and the variables which influnence the adaptation of hemiplegic patients. To these ends, theoretical framework was derived basically from the stress adaptaion model. The basic assumption underlying the level of adaptation is influenced by the presenting focal, contextual and residual stimuli. This group of stimuli is further operationalized and represented by a perception of stress, which is the perceived effect of the disability and by the mediating variables such as sociodemographic factors as an external conditioning variables and perceived social support and hardiness pcraonality chara cteristics as an internal intervening variables. The dependent varibales in this study is the level of physical, psychological and social adaptation and is hypothesized to be a function of the interaction between 3 sets of variables namely, the perceived disability effect, external conditioning variables and internal intevening varibles. A total of fourty three subjects from 3 general hospitals in Seoul were observed and interviewed with the aid of 7 structured instruments. The data were collected twice on each subject: first, at the predischarge period and at 3 months post - discharge from hospital for the second time. The study was carried out for the period from Februry to August, 1988. The instruments used for the study include 4 existing scales and 3 scales developed by the researcher for this study. They are : 1) The ADL dependency scale and the scale of the clinical physical functions for the assessment of physical adaptation. 2) the SDS(self report of depression) to measure the level of psychological adaptation. 3) The scale for the amount of social activities for the measurement of the level of social adaptation. 4) The scale for the perceived effect of disability for the measurment of the focal stimuli. 5) The health related hardiness scale and the perceived interpersonal support self evaluation list(ISEL) for the measurement of the hardiness personality character and the perceived social support. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage, oneway ANOVA, Pearson coefficients correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The findings provide valuable information about the present level of physical adaptation at 3 months after discharge. The patient revealed a decreased ADL dependency and lowered limitation of physical function as compared with pre - discharge state. Psychologic ally, the average degree of depression at follow up was within normal range of depression. Socially the amount of social activities was very low. The one way ANOVA and the correlational analysis revealed the relationship between the 3 sets of variables and the adaptation level as follows : 1) The perceived disability effect was related to the degree of the depression and the amount of social activities but was not related to the physical adaptation. 2) Among the sociodemographic variables, sex and education were related to the difference of ADL dependency and the change of physical function. These factors indicate that women more than men and educated more than the less educated were found more independent. The education was also related to the degree of depression suggesting that the higher the educational level, the more well adapted the patients were both physically and psychologically. Age, marital status and job state were not found to be related to the patient's adaptation level. 3) Among the internal intervening variables, the health related hardiness characteristic was related to the differences of ADL dependency, physical functions and the social activities, indicating that the higher the hardiness character the higher the level of physical and social adaptation. 4) The perceived social support, another internal intervening variable, was related to the degree of depression and the social activities. This data suggest that the higher the perception of social support, the better adapted the patients were psychogically and socially. In summarizing the results of the correlational analysis, the level of physical adaptation was influenced by sex, the years of education and the hardiness character. The level of psychological adaptation was influenced by the years of education, the perceived disability effect and the perceived social support. And the level of social adaptation was influenced by the perceived disability effect, the hardiness character and the perceived social support. The stepwise multiple regression analysis shows findings as follows : 1) The most important factor to explain the difference of ADL dependency was sex, indicating females were more independent than males. 2) The most important factor to explain the difference of physical function and the degree of depression was the patient's education level. 3) The strongest explaining factor for the amount of social activities was perceived self esteem (one of the subconcepts of perceived social support). Thus the most important factros influencing the level of adaptation were found to be sex, education, the hardiness character and self esteem. From the above findings, the significance of this study can be delineated as follows : 1) Corroboiation. of the assumed relationship between the various variables and the adaptation level as sug gested in the conceptual model. 2) Support for the feasibility of the cognitive app roach for nursing intervention such as hardiness character training, counselling and teaching for self-care in the chronic patients.