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In Korea the concept of social support was first used as a research concept in nursing and has not had much application in the clinical field. Another problem is that research on social support has used a direct translation of the words "social support" into Korean as "sawhejukjiji". Three questions were posed to direct the research. 1) Is there a concept of social support in Korean society? 2) if so, what words or expressions are used to describe it? 3) further, if so, how is social support structured and how does it function? In order to answer the research questions a three-step research methodology was used: The first step consisted of a literature review on research related to social support and on information on the background of, and the way of thinking related to interpersonal relations among Korean people. The second step, which was done to identify whether there is a concept of social support in korean society, involved interviewing a sample of the population. The third step involved a panel discussion that included the members of the research team and three consultants, a sociologist, a philosopher and a scholor in korean literature. A review of the literature on interpersonal relationships in traditional korean society identified a four cirole structure that explains interpersonal relationships. The first circle with "me" at the center is the family but here "me" disappears into the "we" that is essential for a cooperative agricultural society. In the second circle are those close to "me" but outside the family. The third circle includes those with whom "I" have infrequent but regular contact and with whom correct conduct is important. The last circle is all the people with whom "I" have nothing in common. They are excluded in interpersonal relationships. The literature on interpersonal relationships showed that within the traditional Korean society people lived in villages where most people were very familiar with each other. "Yun", the social network established the connection and "Jung", the feeling of affection increased with time as the connection was strengthened. In the traditional village psychological support was provided through "Mallaniki", "Pumashi" and "Kae" with the latter two also providing material support. In modern Korea there are more informal and formal social networks, like social services and community activities on the formal level and cultural and leisure groups along with "kae's on the informal level. But even with this modern variety of groups, most social support comes from informal networks that resemble the traditional "Pumashi", "Kai" and "Mallaniki". The six member research team interviewed 65 people in ordsr to identify whether there is a concept of social support and then analysed their responses. There were 20 different words describing the reception of the social support and these could be grouped into seven major categories: virtuous, fortunate, helped, supported, blessed, attached(re-ceiving affection) and receiving (grace) benevolence, there were 27 words describing the act of social support which could be categorized into seven major categories: love, looking after, affection(at-tachment), kindness (goodness), faith, psychological help and material help, for the meaning of social support translated as "sawhe juk jiji" there were a total of 14 different answers which could be categorized into 3 major categories: help, agreement, and faith. In third step, the results of the literature review and the answers to the questions were discussed in a pannel. The results of the discussion led to the following definition of social support in Korea which is shaped like a the four sided pyramid on a base. Social support is the apex of the pyramid and four sides are made up of: "do-oom"(both emotional and material help), "jung"(connectedness, or relationship bound by affection, regard or shared common experience), "midum"(faith or belief in), "eunhae" (kindness or benevolence). The research team identified "Yun"(the basic network of relationships) as the base of the pyramid and as such the foundation for the components of social support in Korean culture. On "Yun" rest the other four components of social support: "Jung", "Midum", "Do-oom", and "Eunhae", For social support to take place there must be "Yun". This is an important factor in social support. In private social network "Jung" is an essential facotr in social support. But not in the public social network. "Yun" is a condition for "Jung" and "Jung" is the manifestation of support.

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• The contribution of physical and social activity participation to social support and happiness among people with physical disabilities
  Junhyoung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Yongseop Kim, Areum Han, Minh Cong Nguyen
  Disability and Health Journal.2021; 14(1): 100974.     CrossRef
• The Association between Social Contacts and Depressive Symptoms among Elderly Koreans
  Jieun Yang, Eun-Cheol Park, Sang Ah Lee, Joo Eun Lee, Dong-Woo Choi, Wonjeong Chae, Sung-In Jang
  Psychiatry Investigation.2018; 15(9): 861.     CrossRef
• The Effect of a Social Support Program on Family Caregivers' Role Strain in Elderly Long-term Home Care
  Mei Hae Oh, Kyung Min Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(2): 137.     CrossRef

The Purposes of this study were : 1) to evaluate validity of a pain rating scale using the level of correlation between the Korean Pain Rating Scale(KPRS), Short-From KPRS(SKPRS) and the Graphic Rating Scale(GRS). 2) to identify sensitivity of the scale using pain behavior of patients with chronic pain Of the 2025 patients with chronic pain who visited the orthopedic and neurosurgical out-patients departments of 11 university hospital in various districts of Korea, 520 subjects wee selected through convenient sampling and responded to the questionnaires by mail. The results of the study can be summarized as follows ; 1. The mean pain score measured by the KPRS was 444.85 : the mean sensory score was 209.47, the mean affective score, 147.63 and the mean miscellaneus score. 87.85. The mean pain score measured by the GRS was 20.11 : the mean sensory intensity score, 10.54. and the mean distress score, 9.57. 2. The average number of hours of rest during the day was 3.3, the average score of discomfort in carrying out ADL was 99, the average frequency of pain relieving practices was 3.0 the average number of pain sites was 3.6. 3. The most sensitive scale to differentiate each group was the GRS, the KPRS and SKPRS were less sensitive than the GRS. 4. The intercorrelation between the KPRS total score and the GRS score(.500) as well as that of the SKPRS score were highly correlated(.652), but intercorrelation between the SKPRS score and the GRS score(.172) was not high. Based on the above results, it was found that the SKPRS must be studied further to obtain validity.

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