This study was done to determine direct and indirect nursing time in nursing units in hospital to applied computer system and expect that those results contribute to measure efficiency of nursing practice and planning of nursing manpower. The design for study was a descriptive study. The study results are as follows. 1. Patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and General Surgery units were grouped into four: Group I, 32.9% of the total patients, consisted patients whose condition was considered minor: Group II, 26.1%, was of those whose condition was considered moderate, Group III, 41. 8%, moderate severe and Group IV, 29.2% the most severe. 2. Nursing intervention times by care type were as follows: four minutes spent for suction, eight minutes, for simple position change, ten minutes, for sheet change, seven minutes for a hot or cool compress, six minutes for dressing change, four minutes for I.M.injection, six minutes for patient health education and five minutes for body temperature check. 3. Direct care time by patient group revealed the following: Group I rquired 191.4 minutes, Group II required 331.1 minutes, Group III rquired 499.4 minutes, and Group IV rquired 1328.0 minutes. 4. The ratio of time for adequate nursing care and direct care time in the Internal Medicine and General Surgery units was 67.4%-83.4% and 94.7%-99.3% in the Intensie Care Unit. 5. Average daily direct care time per patient was 5.5 hours in the Internal Medicine unit and 11.5 hours in the Intensive Care Unit. 6. Time spent in indirect care was 48.3 minutes for computer recording, 34.8 minutes for giving and receiving patient information for shift duty, 28.0 minutes for eating and resting time, 26.6 minutes for transfering and identifying patients, 25.6 minutes for identifying Doctor's order, 23.9 minutes for recording vital signs. 7. Time spent in indirect care was 282.2 minutes by head nurses (charge nurses), 258.7 minutes by nurses and 261.6 minutes by nurse aids. 8. The average nurse's workload was 9.3 hours and daily indirect nursing time required 46.3%-50. 5% of above mentioned workload time. 9. The average daily indirect care time per patient was expected to be 57.7 minutes in the Internal Medicine unit and 3.3 hours in the Intensive Care Unit.

The purpose of this study was to compare the needs among the patients of hyperthyroid, malignant tumor and normal adult to clarify the level of the need for the patient of hyperthyroid. We analysed relationships between their personal characteristics and their needs to contribute comprehensive nursing care for the patient of hyperthyroid. The. subjects were chosen from 60 persons who visited for general physical examination at Ewha Woman's University Meidcal Center, 72 patients having diagnosis with hyperthyroidism, and 72 patients admitted with malignant tumors at atomic neuclear medical center. The data was collected from September 1 to December 31, 1980, and the study population was selected by means of convenience sampling. The data was analysed by means of the standard deviation and analysis of variance. The results were as follows: 1. In the patients having hyperthyroid, male to female ratio was 1:13.5, and incidence was peak at the age groups of 20 to 40. 2. In compare with the needs among 3 groups, there are significant relationships: the patient of cancer has shown the highest score with Achievement, Aggression and Dominance, the patient of hyperthyroid shown higher and the normal adult shown low score. In the need related with sex, there is significant relationship: the normal adult has shown highest score, the patient having hyperthyroid shown the higher score and the patient of cancer shown the low score. 3. In compare with Whang's Edward personal preference schedule, the hyperthyroidism shown relatively higher needs for aggression, dominance, exhibitionism and sex.

Much of a person's energy is spent in the effort of becoming a productive member of to day's complex society. This activity may cause tension, and chronic unrelieved tension is an influential factor in blood pressure elevation. The problem of this study was to identify manifest needs and self-actualization of partients with essential hypertension, and to analyse and compare their maniifest needs and self-actualization with the selected general characteristics of age, sex, religion, occupation and level of education with a control group of patients with normal blood pressure readings. The purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing interventions toward reducing the impact of complex psycho-somatic factors on the anxiety of patients with essential hypertension. The instruments used included selected items from the Edwards (1959) Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as adapted by Hwang (1965) and from the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) (Shostrom 1964, 1974) adapted by Kim and Lee (1977) to measure manifest needs and self-actualization. The convenience sample was chosen from 149 persons who presented themselves for general physical examinations at Ewha University Medical Centre and 41 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension at three general hospitals in Seoul during June 1 and August 31, 1977. Forty-nine persons from the Ewha group with blood-pressure readings exceeding 150/90 were added to the experimental group. Data were analysed by the S.P.S.S. computer programme using t-test and f-tests for statistical significance. Statistically significant findings were as follows: A. Blood Pressure and Manifest Needs. 1. With the exception of Autonomy, patients with hypertension had significantly high scores on all variables Abasement, Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Emotionality, Exhibitionism and Sex. 2. When mean scores of normal persons were compared by age groups, normal persons had higher scores in the following order on Abasement (50"s, 40's, 20's, 30's), Achievement (50's, 30's, 40's, 20's), Affiliation (50's, 40's, 30's 20's), Dominance (50's, 30's, 40's, 20's) and Exhibitionism (30's, 50's, 40's, 20's). In each case, there was a significant difference between the first and last age group scores. 3. When the mean scores of normal persons were compared by sex, normal men had higher scores than women on Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex, Male patients had higher scores than female patients on Achievement, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex, but female patients scored higher in Emotionality. 4. Normal persons had higher scores related to religion in the following order on Achievemeint (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hypertensive patients had kigher scores on Exhibitionism (no religion, Christianity, Buddhism). 5. Nofmal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Achievement and Exhibitionism (unemployed, office workers, teacherss, businessmen), Emotionality (office workers, unemployed, businessmen, teachers) and Sex (office workers, unemployed, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Achievement and Aggression (teachers, businessmen, office workers, unemployed), Dominance and Exhibitionism (businessmen, teachers, office workers, unemployed) and Sex (teachers, office workers, businessmen, unemployed). 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of education in the following order on Abasement, Emotionality and Autonomy (secondary school graduation, university). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Abasement (no education, primary, university, secondary), Achievement (no education, secondary, university, primary), Dominance (university, no education, secondary, primary), Exhibitionism (university, secondary, no education, primary), and Sex (university, secondary, primary, no education). B. Blood Pressure and Self-Actualization 1. Patients with hypertension had significantly lower scores on all variables. 2. Normal persons had higher scores related to age groups in the following order on Existentiality (20's, 3')'s, 40's, 50's). Hypcrtensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 3. Normal women had higher scores than men on Time Competence. Normal men had higher scores on Feeling Reactivity. Male patients had higher scores than women on Self-Actualizing lalue and Self-Regard. 4. Normal persons he 1 higher scores related to religion on spontaneity (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Time Competence and Nature of Man (Buddhism, Christianity, no religion). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Existentiality (teachers, office workers, businessmen, unemployed) and Self-Regard {unemployed, office workers, teachers, businessmen}. Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of education in the following order on Existentiality and Self-Acceptance (university, secondary). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Inner-Director (university, secondary, no education, primary) and Existentiality (university, secondary, primary, no education), Recommendations for nursing interventions with hypertensive patients with emotional problems or low self-actualization were made. 1. The nurse should encourage the patient through her interactions with other members of the medical team to accept counselling and health education. 2. Through her therapeutic interpersonal relationships with the patient, the nurse should help him discover the causes of his emotional tension. 3. Through her health teaching with the family, the nurse should encourage them to participate with the medical team in the patient's therapeutic plan and in providing him with the maximum possible emotional support. 4. Through frequent counselling with the obsessive-thinking and inflexible patient, the nurse should reevaluate the patient's behaviour and her interventions. 5. Seriously ill patients should be given needed reeducation by members of the professional medical team.