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Development of the Developmental Support Competency Scale for Nurses Caring for Preterm Infants
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Jeong Soon Kim, Hee Sun Shin
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(6):793-803. Published online December 30, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.6.793
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Abstract
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Purpose
Developmental care has been recognized as a very important component for the development and health promotion of preterm infants. However, research on how to assess developmental nursing competency has not been studied as expected. This study was done to develop and evaluate a new scale to measure nursing competency for developmental support of preterm infants.
Methods
Concept analysis was done with using the Hybrid model of Schwartz-Barcott and Kim (2000), from which a preliminary new scale (30 items) was developed. To test the validity and reliability of the new scale being developed, data were collected from 122 NICU nurses at 4 hospitals in 3 cities in the Republic of Korea, from December, 2014 to March, 2015.
Results
The final version of the Developmental Support Competency Scale for Nurses (DSCS-N) caring for premature infants was a 4-point Likert type scale, consisting of 19 items, and categorized as 6 factors, explaining 62.5% of the total variance. Each of the factors were named as follows; ‘environmental support’ (4 items), ‘parental support’ (3 items), ‘interaction’ (3 items), ‘critical thinking’ (3 items), ‘professional development’ (3 items), and ‘partnership’ (3 items). The Cronbach's α coefficient for the scale was .83 and the reliability of the subscales ranged from .60~.76.
Conclusion
The psychometric evaluation of the new scale demonstrated an acceptable validity and reliability. Findings indicate that the DSCS-N can be used as the tool to test the effect of educational programs for nurses and contribute to advance developmental care for preterm infants.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Developmentally Supportive Care Among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurses in South Korea
Han Na Lee, Ji Hyeon Park, Haeryun Cho Advances in Neonatal Care.2023; 23(3): E60. CrossRef - Factors influencing neonatal intensive care unit nurses' parent partnership development
Eun Kyoung Kim, In Young Cho, Ji Yeong Yun, Bobae Park Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 68: e27. CrossRef - Effectiveness of Nicu nurses’ competence enhancement program for developmentally supportive care for preterm infants: A quasi-experimental study
Han Na Lee, Haeryun Cho Heliyon.2023; 9(1): e12944. CrossRef - Development of the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale
Kamile Akça, Fatma Kurudirek Applied Nursing Research.2023; 72: 151697. CrossRef - Development and validation of the information security attitude questionnaire (ISA‐Q) for nurses
Jiwon Kang, GyeongAe Seomun Nursing Open.2023; 10(2): 850. CrossRef - Analysis of research on developmentally supportive care for prematurity in neonatal intensive care unit: a scoping review
Hanna Lee, Ji Hyeon Park, Haeryun Cho Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(1): 9. CrossRef - Effects of a Neonatal Supportive Positioning Training Video Program for Preterm Infants on the Knowledge and Performance of Nurses in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Hyun Jin Moon, Kyung Sook Cho, Mi Young An, Dong Woo Son Asian Nursing Research.2022; 16(1): 25. CrossRef - Research Trends of Follow-Up Care after Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduation for Children Born Preterm: A Scoping Review
So Ra Kang, Haeryun Cho International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3268. CrossRef - Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Developmental Support Competency Scale for Nurses (DSCS-N)
Ayşe Kahraman, Sibel Serap Ceylan Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2020; 54: e47. CrossRef - Factors Influencing Developmental Care Practice Among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Jisun Park, Ji-Soo Kim Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2019; 47: e10. CrossRef - Limits of professional competency in nurses working in Nicu
Natalija Skorobogatova, Nida Žemaitienė, Kastytis Šmigelskas, Rasa Tamelienė, Eglė Markūnienė, Dalia Stonienė Open Medicine.2018; 13(1): 410. CrossRef
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Analysis of Relationships between Parenting Stress, Maternal Depression, and Behavioral Problems in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
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Hee Sun Shin, Jeong Mee Kim
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(3):453-461. Published online June 30, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.3.453
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Abstract
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Purpose
In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored.
Methods
Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis.
Results
1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression (β=.29, p<.001).
Conclusion
The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.
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Citations
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- The Effect of Happiness Training Based on Fordyce Model on Perceived Stress in the Mothers of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Zeinab Hemati, Samira Abbasi, Somayeh Paki, Davood Kiani Journal of Caring Sciences.2017; 6(2): 173. CrossRef - Related Factors for Behavioral Problems in Toddlers Born Prematurely
Youngmee Ahn, Sangmi Lee Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(1): 45. CrossRef - Relationships between behavioral symptoms of non‐medicated Chinese children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and parenting stress: Comparison of different subtypes and comorbidities
Yan Li, Wen‐Qing Jiang, Ya‐Song Du, David Coghill Asia-Pacific Psychiatry.2016; 8(2): 127. CrossRef - A Short-Term Longitudinal Study on the Reciprocal Relations between Mothers’ Depression and Their Preschoolers’ Emotional Problems
Young Eun Chang, Hyo Jeong Han Family and Environment Research.2016; 54(5): 551. CrossRef - Stress levels experienced by parents of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the back-to-school period: results of a European and Canadian survey
Isabel Hernández-Otero, Lakshman Doddamani, Benoit Dutray, Antonella Gagliano, Fabian Haertling, Ralph Bloomfield, Gracita Ramnath International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice.2015; 19(1): 8. CrossRef - Methylphenidate‐osmotic‐controlled release oral delivery system treatment reduces parenting stress in parents of children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Jun‐Won Hwang, Bongseog Kim, Yeni Kim, Tae‐Ho Kim, Wan‐Seok Seo, Dong‐Won Shin, Young‐Jae Woo, Heejeong Yoo, Jeong‐Seop Lee, Jong‐Hun Lee, Myung‐Ho Lim, Young‐Chul Chung, Chul‐Ho Jung, Hanik K. Yoo Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental.2013; 28(6): 600. CrossRef - Effects of a Responsive Parenting Education Program on Child's Behavioral Problems and Pivotal Developmental Behaviors in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Hee-Sun Shin, Jeong-Mee Kim Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(1): 39. CrossRef - Teaching Status and Knowledge of Elementary School Teachers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Kyoung-Rim Kang, Young-Hae Kim, Young-Ok Yang Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 136. CrossRef - Relationship of Mothers' Recognition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Parenting Stress and Family Support in Children Diagnosed with ADHD
Mi-Ye Kim, Ji-Yeong Seo, Wan-Ju Park Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 127. CrossRef - Effects of Postpartum Depression and Temperament of Infant on Child-care Stress among Mothers of Newborn Infants
Hye-Jin Kwon, Kyung-Hee Kim, Mi-Hye Choi, Ju-Yeon Cho, Young-Mi Ahn, Ki-Sook Kim Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 69. CrossRef
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Effects of a Sensory Stimulation on Weight Gain, Behavioral State, and Physiological Responses in Premature Infants
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Hee Seung Song, Hee Sun Shin
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(4):703-711. Published online March 29, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.4.703
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Abstract
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sensory stimulation
on premature infants. METHOD Thirty three premature infants admitted to NICU of D University Hospital in C
city were randomly assigned in two groups (Experimental group: 16, Control group:17).
For the experimental group, tactile and kinesthetic stimulation developed by Dr. Field
was applied 2 times a day for 10 days. Behavioral state was measured using the
Anderson Behavioral State Scale (ABSS). Heart rate, respiration, and oxygen saturation
were obtained for each infant before and after sensory stimulation.
Hypothesis testing was done using the X2- test, student t-test, and repeated measures
of ANOVA. Result Hypothesis 1: There was a significant difference in the daily body weight gain between
experimental and control group (F= 40.77, p= .0001).
Hypothesis 2: There was a significant difference in the frequency of 'inactive awake
state' between two groups (X2= 39.778, p= .001).
Hypothesis 3: There were significant differences in the mean of heart rate and O2
saturation between two groups (t= -2.174, p= .037; t= 3.080, p= .005). However, there
was no significant difference in the mean of respiration rate between two groups (t=
-1.966, p= .581). CONCLUSION The effectiveness of a sensory stimulation on weight gain and behavioral
state in premature infants was supported. Further study is recommended to develop a
sensory stimulation method as an independent nursing intervention for premature infant.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Effects of Neonatal Massage on Newborn's Weight & Height, and Mothering Role Confidence and Satisfaction
이선옥 JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH.2014; 18(2): 218. CrossRef - Effects of Hearing Recorded Mother's Voice on Physiological Reactions and Behavioral State of Sleep, Weight of Very Low Birth Weight Infants.
Mi Hyang Choi, In Soon Kang, Young Hae Kim Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(3): 185. CrossRef - Effects of Infant Massage on Physical Growth and Stress Response in Preterm Babies
Namyoun Cheung, Youngshin Song Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2009; 15(1): 71. CrossRef - Development and Evaluation of an e-Learning Program for Mothers of Premature Infants
Nae-Young Lee, Young-Hae Kim Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(1): 152. CrossRef
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A Study on the Preliminary Validation of a Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents for
Children's Pain Assessment after Surgery
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Hee Sun Shin, Yeon Yi Jung
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(4):847-856. Published online March 29, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.4.847
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Abstract
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Parents are primary care taker for the children and have an important role for the assessment and managent of
children's pain following surgery. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and clinical
utilization of the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents (PPMP) developed by Chambers et al.
Subjects were 52 children aged 4-12 years admitted for tonsillectomy and other minor surgery and their mothers.
Faces Pain Scale, State Anxiety, and Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents were used. The data were collected by
two research assistant on the operation day and 1st day after surgery at hospital during the period of July 20 to
August 28, 1998. The results are as follows:
1. Eta correlation coefficient between 15 items of PPMP and child rated pain were calculated. Correlation
coefficients were more than .2 for both day.
2. Internal consistency for PPMP were .82 and .83.
3. The scores of the PPMP were 10.73 (SD=3.71) and 9.27(SD=4.07) on the operation day and 1st day after
surgery and there was no significant difference between two days(p=.056)
On the other hand, there was a significant difference on the child rated pain by Faces Pain Scale
between operation day and 1st day after surgery(p=.001).
4. The correlation(Spearman Rho) between PPMP and child rated pain were .40(p=.003) and .56(p=.000). The
score of the PPMP and the children's state anxiety were highly correlated on the operation day and 1st
day after surgery (.60, .52, p=.000).
5. Partial correlation between PPMP and child rated pain except state anxiety were .18(p=.23) and .48(p=.001)
on the opration day and 1st day after surgery.
6. Using a cut-off score 10 out of 15, the measure showed excellent sensitivity (>80%) and moderate
specificity (46.15%, 60% ).
This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the PPMP as a valid pain
assessment tool with children between the ages of 4-12 years following surgery. It is
suggested to explore the validity with a different subjects with other surgery and to
examine the validity for infant and younger children.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM-Dv)
J Van Laethem, I Vanlinthout, I Goubert, M.J. Poley, A Bauters, M.H. Lauwers, j Berghmans Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica.2023; 74(4): 257. CrossRef - Construct Validity of the Parents' Postoperative Pain Measure
G. Allen Finley, Christine T. Chambers, Patrick J. McGrath, Trudi M. Walsh The Clinical Journal of Pain.2003; 19(5): 329. CrossRef - The parents’ postoperative pain measure: replication and extension to 2–6-year-old children
Christine T Chambers, Allen G. Finley, Patrick J McGrath, Trudi M Walsh Pain.2003; 105(3): 437. CrossRef
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Predicting and Understanding School-Age Children's Health Behavior
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Hee Sun Shin, Yun Jung
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1998;28(4):846-855. Published online March 29, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1998.28.4.846
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Abstract
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of health behavior of school-age children and to identify the predicting variables of the school-age children's health behavior. The subject were 467 children in grades four to six, enrolled in two elementary schools located in two cities. The mean age of the subject was 10.03(SD=1.33). The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. The result are as follows:
1. The mean of the score of health behavior of the school-age children was 154.6, showing thar they are practicing health behavior relatively well. 2. There were significant differences in the mean scores of health behavior according to grade(F=6.53, p=.001), sex(t=-3.70, p=.000), educational level of the parents(F=4.92, p=.002; F=4.47, p=.004), occupation of the patients(F=3.31, p=.003;F=4.76, p=.000), and socioeconomic status(F=11.87, p=.000). 3. There were significant correlations between health behavior and health motivation(r=.53, p=.000). self-concept(r=.32, p=.000), perceived health status(r=.16, p=.000), and health locus of control(r=.15, p=.001). 4. Health motivation, self-concept, grade, socioeconomic status, and health locus of control were identified as predictor variables of health behavior of the school-age children from the stepwise multiple regression analysis. The total percent of variance accounted for by these five variables was 35.0%. From the result, it is suggested that in the development of a school health education program, the effect of health motivation and self-concept to promote student's health behavior in school-age children should be considered.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
- Mental health and health behaviors in multicultural families: The impact of parents’ cultural background
Yoora Hwang, Mijeong Kwon, Jimin Kim, Hyekyeong Kim Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2024; 41(2): 1. CrossRef - A Comparative Study of Youth Health Risk Behaviors by Region: Focused on Metropolitan Areas, Medium Sized and Small City Areas, and Rural Areas
Eunok Park Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(1): 14. CrossRef
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A Study of Stress and Coping Strategies in School-Age Children
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Hee Sun Shin
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Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1996;26(4):808-819. Published online March 30, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1996.26.4.808
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Abstract
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The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors and coping strategies of school-age children and to explore the relatioship between stressful life events and health symptoms and the effects of coping and trait anxiety which is theoretically considered to mediate the relationship between stress and health symptom. The study subjcets consisted of 639 elementary school children in the fourth to sixth grade living in Seoul. Of the 639 subjects, 348 were boys and 291 were girls. The mean age was 11.35(SD=.86). The Feel Bad Scale (FBS), Schoolager's Coping Strategy Inventory (SCSI), Spielberger's Trait Anxiety Scale for Children(STAIC), and Health Symptom Questionnaire(HSQ) were adapted for this study. A pilot study was undertaken to ascertain the reliability and validity of the instruments. The Cronbach alphas of FBS, SCSI, STAIC and HSQ were from. 81 to .92. The Researcher and a research assistant visited the school and data were collected in the class using the questionnaire method after an explanation of the purpose and procedures was given to the children. Data collection was done during the period between Nov. 25 to Dec. 19,1995. Using the SAS statistical program, percentages, t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression were used for data analysis. The result are as follows: 1. The mean score for the FBS was 204.79(range: 48-472) and there was a significant difference according to grade. The most severe stressors perceived by children were parental divorce and death or illness of family members. The most frequently experienced stressful life events were conflict with siblings and being home alone. 2. The mean score for the SCSI was 57.36(range: 9-118) and there was a significant difference according to grade. The most frequently used, and perceived as helpful, coping strategies were distraction and cognitive activities. 3. The mean score for the HSQ were 20.7(range: 0-8l) and there were significant differences according to grade and sex. The percentage of the children answering that they perceived their health state as not good was 3.9%. 4. The mean score for the STAIC was 33.76 and there were significant differences according to grade and sex. 5. There was a significant relationship between stressful life events and health symptoms(r=.53, p<.01). Also, Stressful life events were postively related with coping strategies(r=.39, p<.01). Trait anxiety was highly correlated with health symptoms(r=.72, p<.01). 6. To examine the multivariate effects of the variables to health symptoms, multiple regression was performed. Stressful life events, coping, trait anxiety, and health concerns were identified as significant variables. Explanation of the health symptoms by these variables was 56. 78%. The study revealed that stressful life events correlated with health symptoms in School-age children and coping and trait anxiety had mediating effects on this relationship. The implication for nursing is that there is a need to develop supportive interventions for high risk population to decrease health problems due to stress. Also, it is recommended that a study be conducted to explore protective factors for the prevention of health problems in children.
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Effects of Ice pack application for the postcardiac surgery toddlers before C-tube removal
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Hee Sun Shin, Dong Oak Kim, Kyung Mi Cho
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Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1995;25(2):341-350. Published online March 30, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1995.25.2.341
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Abstract
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A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of ice pack application to post cardiac surgery toddlers before C-tube removal. Twenty toddlers aged 13 months to 24 months, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1993 to October, 1993 were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. An ice pack was applied to the C-tube insertion site for 8 minutes before C-tube removal for the experimental group. The children were videotaped during the procedure to assess pain behavior and crying time. The score on the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale(MBPS), crying time, and vital signs were measured to determine the effect of ice pack application. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Paired t-test, and Pearson corelation coefficient. The result of the study are as follows: 1. There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in pain behavior (U=17.0, p=.01). 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups in crying time. 3. There was a significant difference between the two groups in heart rate(U=24.5, p=.05). 4. There was a significant difference between the two groups in systolic blood pressure(U=24.0, P=.05). 5. There was a significant difference between the two groups in diastolic blood pressure (U=23.0, p=.04). 6. There was no significant difference between the two groups in respiration rate. 7. Pain behavior was significantly correlated with heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and crying time(r=.50, .54 and .59, p<.05). The result showed that the ice pack application was effective to reduce pain related to C-tube removal for the toddlers. From the study, it is recommended that the effectiveness of the cold application to children undergoing different painful procedures be examined to determine the most effective length of cold application to reduce pain in children.
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