PURPOSE: This study aims to find the sources of nurses' conflicts and to find ways to eliminate them for improved nursing care. METHOD: This study is based on a phenomenological approach. All participants were woking at K-hospital, located in Seoul. The research was performed from September 2000 to February 2001. Data was collected through interviews and observations while participants were working. Interviews lasted a duration of one and half hours and data collection accured five to six times per participant. The data were analysed by Giorgi
method
and the results are as follows:
RESULT
Essential themes in the professional conflict of clinical nurses emerged (1) The discords of human relationships ; (2) Dissatisfaction with working conditions; (3) Lack of self-respect in one's professional expertise ; (4) Dissatisfaction with one's work ; (5) Depression accurring due to one's ability as a professional. CONCLUSION: The foregoing arguments suggest that nurses perform stressful environments in a hospital originating from the relationship among peer group, working conditions, and lack of self-respect as a nurses. Therefore, hospital authorities should strangly consider working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions in order to promote self-respect of the nurses hospitals.

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The purpose of this study was to develop the computerized nursing diagnoses system for clinical application and activation of nursing diagnosis based on validity verification. In addition, our research team also performed system tests in clinical situations, to identify ways to improve the program and make it more practical. Nursing Diagnoses System will increase nurses' knowledge and experience of the application of nursing diagnoses in clinical situations and development of nursing interventions by nurses as well as the effectiveness of hospital computerized systems. We expect this system can contribute to an improvement in the quality of nursing care. Also we will continuously evaluate and revise the system related to the utilization of the program.

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The majority of studies on breastfeeding consists of descriptive correlational studies identifying the incidence and correlates of breastfeeding. The theory of planned behavior has been shown to yield great predictive power for behavioral goals over which individuals have only limited control such as improving school grades and weight loss. The purpose of this study was to test the "theory of planned behavior" in the prediction of breastfeeding of mothers who delivered vaginally. One hundred mothers who delivered vaginally in one general hospital in Seoul and one general hospital and three private hospitals in Taejeon participated in this study. The instruments used for data collection in this study were developed by the researchers following the guidelines suggested by Ajzen and Fishbein(1980) and Ajzen and Madden(1986). The instruments included measurement of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation, hierachical multiple regression and logistic regression. The results are as follows : 1. Intention to breastfeed correlated significantly with attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. Both attitude and subjective norm did not make a significant contribution to the prediction of intention, but the addition of perceived behavioral control to the regression equation greatly improved the model's predictive power, increasing the R(2) from .05 to .52. 2. Intention to breastfeed alone had a significant predictive effect on actual breastfeeding, resulting in a regression coefficient of .16(x2=8.60, p<.01), but when perceived behavioral control was added to the equation, intention was not a significant predictive variable and only perceived behavioral control showed significant predictive power on actual breastfeeding, resulting in a regression coefficient of .12(x2=4.68, p<.05). In sum, breastfeeding behavior lent only partial support to the second version of the theory of planned to the second version of the theory of planned behavior, and because perceived behavioral control had a strong effect on intention to breastfeed and actual breastfeeding, it would be desirable to develop nursing intervention programs which focus on strengthening the perceived behavioral control for the promotion of breastfeeding.

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This study was conducted to test validity of related factors and characteristics of 98 Nursing Diagnosis identified in a previous study by the Korean Nurses Association. Data for this study was collected from 892 nurses in eight teaching hospitals located in Seoul using a cross sectional survey method. Each participating hospital was asked to produce at least 10 cases for every nursing diagnosis. There were 7,422 responses out of a possible 7,840. Out of the 7,422 responses 26 were discarded due to incompleteness. Data were analyzed using SAS. The result of the study shows that most of the related factors and characteristics for each of the 98 nursing diagnosis were ranked at more than 3.5 point out of 5 point Likert scale in terms of significance. Through this study the related factors and characteristics of the 98 nursing diagnosis identificance. Through this study the related factors and characteristics of the 98 nursing diagnosis identified through literature review were validated by experts in nursing diagnosis. These validated related factors and characteristics will be utilized for computerization of the nursing diagnosis process.

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree to which nursing diagnoses accepted by NANDA are used and to identify problems in application of nursing diagnoses in clinical practice. With the expanding potential fur computerization of nursing diagnosis, the survey also included data on the present status of hospital computerization and willingness to use computerized nursing diagnoses. The data collection was done from July 1 to August 3, 1996 using structured questionnaires. The questionnaires were mailed to 1,126 head nurses working in 44 hospitals with on occupacy of over 500 beds located in Korea, of these, 883 were returned from 40 hospitals. Among the 883 questionnaires, 867 were used for the analysis. The results of the analysis are as follows 1. Among 109 nursing diagnoses, pain, constipation, diarrhea, hyperthermia, high risk for infection, sleep pattern disturbance, and anxiety, chronic pain, altered urinary elimination, and altered nutrition: less than body requirements were the ten most frequently used diagnoses. 2. The primary problem in the use of nursing diagnoses was lack of time and personnel. Others were lack of knowledge and motivation, absence of protocols and absence of the appropriate methods to apply nursing diagnoses. 3. Among the 40 hospitals, 27 hospitals used a computerized system and expressed willingness to utilize the computerized system of nursing diagnoses that is planned for the future.

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This study was done to analysis data on breastfeeding mothers. This study was conducted using data from telephone counseling in one metropolitan area. The subjects who had received consultation about breastfeeding were 100 breastfeeding mothers. The period of consultation was from Mar. 9,1994 to August 23,1994. Consultants were referred from UNICEF, hospitals, TV, newspapers or magazines. Analysis of the problem patterns resulted in 11 classifications. These were physio-anatomical factors(11 cases), psychological factors(15 cases), breastfeeding methods(21 cases), breastfeeding intervals and frequency(19 cases), disease in the breastfeeding mothers(13 cases), disease in the babies(12 cases), lack of support(4 cases), food and drugs while breastfeeding(5 cases), weaning(11 cases), others(27 cases). The highest frequency was for breastfeeding methods(21 cases). When the contents of the counselling were analyzed for the 100 cases, 36 problem patterns were identified. Patterns with over 10 responses were diarrhea, insufficient milk supply, sore and cracked nipples, weaning, inverted nipples and jaundice. The age of infants when mothers were telephoned was as below: 1 week(28 cases), 2 weeks(12 cases), 3-4 weeks(18 cases), 5-8 weeks(7 cases), 9 weeks - 3 months (4 cases), 4 months - 6 months (12 cases), over 6 months(2 cases), and the number of pregnant women was 12. The nursing diagnosis were classified according to problem patterns and each diagnosis was assigned an appropriate problem pattern. The total number of nursing diagnoses was 22. When clients are referred for counselling nurses need guidelines about problems, possible causes and nursing. In this study, the example of guidelines for sore nipples is suggested. The recommendations based on the telephone counseling results are as follows: Prenatal education about the advantages of breastfeeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counseling related to breastfeeding. During the hospital stay, nursing intervention such as education on breastfeeding methods using slides, audio -visual tapes, pamphlets are needed as well as an initial trial of breastfeeding. Further research is indicated on the perceived lack of breast milk and on the effectiveness of nursing interventions to promote breastfeeding.

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• Relationships between reality shock, professional self-concept, and nursing students' perceived trust from nursing educators: A cross-sectional study
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• Support of Breastfeeding through Telephone Counseling in Korea
  Heasook Kim
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This study was done to provide a basis for home health care management for women following Cesarean delivery. Furthermore it was initiated as an possible application of home health care in the future. In this study, client selection criteria was developed by the researcher and assessment tools for home health care, recording system and problem oriented recording system were revised from Jun's(1993) methods. The selection criteria tool for home health care for women who had a Cesarean delivery was structured and consisted of five areas: physical status, functional status, psychological-emotional status, educational needs status and environmental status. The structured assessment tool consisted of general items, obstetric history, past medical history, methods of feeding, medications taken before admission, laboratory results, discharge instructions, discharge medications, family tree, economic status, environmental status, a map, health assessment of women and their newborns. The visit note consisted of the date: nursing problems: nursing process including initial assessment: nursing goals: visit plan: health status of the postpartum women and their newborn: nursing diagnoses: nursing implementation: evaluation: summary: next visit plan and revision. The problem oriented recording system consisted of the date, problem numbers, nursing diagnoses, problem appearance date, problem resolution date. The results of the research are as follows: The seven cases having had a Cesarean delivery were discharged on an average on the 5th day after the Cesarean birth. The total number of home visits was 13. According to Gordon's functional health patterns the total possible nursing diagnoses was 34 diagnoses for the mothers and their newborns. Among the 34 diagnoses, there were 13 diagnoses in the health perception/management pattern, 7 in the psychosocial health perception/management pattern, 8 in the psychosocial self-perception, 2 in the nutrition/metabolism pattern of physical function, 2 in the knowledge deficit of newborn management, anxiety related to newborn management, knowledge deficit related to disease process of newborn, anxiety related to disease process of newborn, anxiety related to prognosis of baby's condition, knowledge deficit related to newborn jaundice each appeared once. The changes in the number of nursing diagnoses was related to not the number of visits but to the number of nursing diagnoses decreasing. The content of the home health care was categorized according to assessment, direct care, counseling, education, family care. The recommendation based on the results of this research are: Home health care nurses for Cesarean postpartum women and their neonates requires comprehensive knowledge of pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period and of the neonate so that they can provide appropriate care and holistic views. Most of cases terminated after the second visit, this outcome may be related to the subjects being discharged on the 5th day after delivery. Therefore, study done with earlier discharge after delivery may have different outcome. It is very hard to assess psychological aspects that need follow-up and to develop communcation channels.

In Korea, breastfeeding practice has decreased since 1980's. According to the literature review, insufficient milk supply (IMS) is a major reason found by mothers for early termination of breastfeeding practice. Insufficient milk supply syndrome cannot be explained simply. IMS is a complex phenomenon that has never been adequately investigated in Korea. Using the modified IMS conceptual framework by Hill and Humenick(1989), a study was conducted at one well baby clinic located in metropolitan hospital. Approval was obtained from head of nuring service and employees in the well baby clinic. The study sample was to restricted mothers who initiated breastfeeding and still continuously breastfeeding (n=52) and mothers who initiated breastfeeding but terminated at the time of data collection (n=39). Factor analysis suggested that Potential Determinant factors, maternal psychologic factors were: sociocultural factors, breastfeeding behaviors, breastfeeding frequency, social support, maternal education and prenatal preparation, physical and sibling support, maternal confidence, and maternal physicals which accounted for 71.12% of the variance. Using discriminant analysis those potential determinant factors predicted 72.49% of the cases accurately. These findings of research suggest that the modified IMS model is valid. But additional variables which consider Korea sociocultural factors may need to be included in future studies to determine and develop an IMS model for Korea.

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• Support of Breastfeeding through Telephone Counseling in Korea
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This descriptive correlational research was conducted to compare the relationship between self-esteem, performance of antenatal care and health promotion lifestyles for unmarried and married pregnant women. The sample consisted of 94 married women attending one general hospital and residing in Seoul and 82 unmarried women from two social institutes for unmarried women. The tool used for this study was a structured questionnaire which was developed and revised by the researcher. The tool consisted of 12 items related to demographic characteristics, 10 items on self-esteem measurement, 20 items on performance of antenatal care and 37 items on health promotion lifestyle profile. The data collected from the interviews were analyzing using the SPSS, yielding frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The demographic variables for the two groups were heterogenous except for religion. 2) The results of the comparison between the two groups were significantly different for self-esteem, married women(mean 20.41, standard deviation 3. 94) had higher scores on self-esteem than unmarried women(mean 24.02, standard deviation 4.11), (t=-5.91, p.001) 3) There was a stastically significant difference between the two groups on the health promotion lifestyle profile. The married women had higher scores on the health promotion lifestyle profile (t=7.22, p<.001) 4) The 3corc for married women on performance of antenatal care has higher than the score for unmarried women (t=8.83, p<.001) 5) With regard to the relationship between health promotion lifestyle and performance of antenatal care and self-esteem, the correlation coefficient between self-esteem and health promotion lifestyle for married women was .45, between performance of antenatal care and health promotion lifestyle, .54, between self-esteem and performance of antenatal care, .32. For the unmarried women, between self-esteem and health promotion lifestyle, .39, between performance of antenatal care and health promotion lifestyle, .67, between self-esteem and performance of antenatal care, .30. 6) There was a statistically significant different between the two groups on all subconcepts of the health promotion lifestyle profile (p<.001). 7) Comparison of the order of the scores between the two groups for the married women showed that the highest score was for nutrition, then self-actualization, interpersonal support, health responsibility, stress management and exercise in that order. For the unmarried women, the highest score was for self-actualization followed by nutrition, interpersonal support, stress management, health responsibility, and exercise in that order. The score in the exercise domain was lowest in both groups. In conclusion, on the basis of the results of this study, resources and protection facilities for unmarried pregnant women could be improved through government policies and health care policies that would allow unmarried women to utilize significant social support resources and actualize health promotion lifestyles. Nursing should offer interventions to increase psychosocial adjustment and support tp improve the quality of life for unmarried pregnant women and further to promote improved growth and development of the infants.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.