Younju Lee; Mihyoung Lee

doi:10.4040/jkan.2014.44.2.209

Articles

Page Path: HOME > J Korean Acad Nurs > Volume 44(2); 2014 > Article

Original Article
Development and Validity of Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Type Inventory (WPBN-TI): Younju Lee, Mihyoung Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2014;44(2):209-218.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.2.209
Published online: April 30, 2014

¹Department of Nursing, JEI University, Incheon, Korea.

²Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Lee, Mihyoung. Department of Nursing, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea. Tel: +82-32-860-8205, Fax: +82-32-874-5880, mihyoung@inha.ac.kr

• Received: January 2, 2014 • Revised: February 4, 2014 • Accepted: March 27, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

277 Views
9 Download
31 Crossref
27 Scopus

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to assess bullying of nurses, and test the validity and reliability of the instrument.
Methods
The initial thirty items of WPBN-TI were identified through a review of the literature on types bullying related to nursing and in-depth interviews with 14 nurses who experienced bullying at work. Sixteen items were developed through 2 content validity tests by 9 experts and 10 nurses. The final WPBN-TI instrument was evaluated by 458 nurses from five general hospitals in the Incheon metropolitan area. SPSS 18.0 program was used to assess the instrument based on internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity.
Results
WPBN-TI consisted of 16 items with three distinct factors (verbal and nonverbal bullying, work-related bullying, and external threats), which explained 60.3% of the total variance. The convergent validity and determinant validity for WPBN-TI were 100.0%, 89.7%, respectively. Known-groups validity of WPBN-TI was proven through the mean difference between subjective perception of bullying. The satisfied criterion validity for WPBN-TI was more than .70. The reliability of WPBN-TI was Cronbach's α of .91.
Conclusions
WPBN-TI with high validity and reliability is suitable to determine types of bullying in nursing workplace.
Keywords: Workplace bullying; Nurses; Instrument development

This manuscript is a based on a part of the first author's doctoral dissertation from Inha University.

This work was supported by INHA University Research Grant.

REFERENCES

1. Pearson CM, Andersson LM, Porath CL. Workplace incivility. In: Fox S, Spector PE, editors. Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2004. p. 177–200.
2. Rutherford A, Rissel C. A survey of workplace bullying in a health sector organisation. Aust Health Rev. 2004;28(1):65–72.Article PubMed
3. Abe K, Henly SJ. Bullying (ijime) among Japanese hospital nurses: Modeling responses to the revised negative acts questionnaire. Nurs Res. 2010;59(2):110–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181d1a709PubMed
4. Berry PA, Gillespie GL, Gates D, Schafer J. Novice nurse productivity following workplace bullying. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2012;44(1):80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01436.xArticle PubMed
5. Nam W, Kim JW, Kim YK, Koo JW, Park CY. The reliability and validity of the negative acts questionnaire-revised (NAQ-R) for nurses for the assessment of workplace bullying. Korean J Occup Environ Med. 2010;22(2):129–139.Article PDF
6. Park KO, Kim SY, Kim JK. Hospital nurses' experience of bullying in the workplace and burnout, organizational commitment, turnover intention and nursing productivity. J Korean Clin Nurs Res. 2013;19(2):169–180.
7. Lee Y, Lee M, Bernstein K. Effect of workplace bullying and job stress on turnover intention in hospital nurses. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(2):77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2013.22.2.77Article
8. Vessey JA, Demarco R, DiFazio R. Bullying, harassment, and horizontal violence in the nursing workforce: The state of the science. Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2010;28:133–157.Article PubMed
9. Einarsen S, Hoel H, Notelaers G. Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the negative acts questionnaire-revised. Work Stress. 2009;23(1):24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673Article
10. Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R. Prevalence of bullying at work and its association with self-esteem scores in a Spanish nurse sample. Contemp Nurse. 2012;42(1):2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.2012.42.1.2Article PubMed
11. Jacobson KJL, Hood JN, Van Buren III HJ. Workplace bullying across cultures: A research agenda. Int J Cross Cult Manag. 2014;14(1):47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595813494192
12. Kim MS. Role of self-leadership in the relationship between organizational culture and informatics competency. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009;39(5):731–740. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.731Article PubMed
13. Min S, Kim HS. Correlation between perception of nurses about transformational leadership and nursing performance. Daehan J Bus. 2005;18(2):871–885.
14. Kang H. A guide on the use of factor analysis in the assessment of construct validity. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013;43(5):587–594. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.5.587Article PubMed
15. Waschgler K, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Llor-Esteban B, Jiménez-Barbero JA. Vertical and lateral workplace bullying in nursing: Development of the hospital aggressive behaviour scale. J Interpers Violence. 2013;28(12):2389–2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260513479027Article PubMed PDF
16. Lee YJ, Bernstein K, Lee M, Nokes KM. Bullying in nursing workplace: Applying evidence using a conceptual framework. Nurs Econ. 2014;Forthcoming.PMC
17. Lee Y. The conceptual development and development of new instruments to measure bullying in nursing workplace [dissertation]. Incheon, Inha University. 2014.
18. Park HS. Behavior and attitude on pilot Korean-DRG system among doctors and nurses [master's thesis]. Busan, Inje University. 2002.
19. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res. 1986;35(6):382–385.Article PubMed
20. Williams B, Brown T, Onsman A. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. J Emerg Prim Health Care. 2010;8(3):Article 990399. Article PDF
21. Han SS, Lee SC. SPSS nursing and health statistical analysis. Seoul: Hyunmoon; 2006.
22. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 health survey: Manual and institute. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1993.
23. Cho YH, Hong YR, Lee AM, Kim MK, Lee HJ, Han AK, et al. Experience of verbal abuse, emotional response, and ways to deal with verbal abuse against nurses in hospital. Korean J Occup Health Nurs. 2011;20(3):270–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5807/kjohn.2011.20.3.270Article
24. Lee SH, Chung SE. Nurses's experience of verbal violence in hospital setting. J Korean Acad Nurs Adm. 2007;13(4):526–536.
25. Seo YN, Leather P, Coyne I. South Korean culture and history: The implications for workplace bullying. Aggress Violent Behav. 2012;17(5):419–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.003Article
26. Johnson SL. International perspectives on workplace bullying among nurses: A review. Int Nurs Rev. 2009;56(1):34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00679.xArticle PubMed
27. Han KS, Choi MY, Lee SJ. Experiences of job stress-coping in health care professionals. Korean J Stress Res. 2013;21(2):131–139.
28. Hutchinson M, Wilkes L, Vickers M, Jackson D. The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace. Nurse Res. 2008;15(2):19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr2008.01.15.2.19.c6326Article PubMed
29. Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL. The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In: Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL, editors. Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2011. p. 3–39.
30. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate data analysis: With readings. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Macmillan Pulishing Company; 1992.

Figure 1

Framework for theoretical phase of types of workplace bullying.

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=458)

ICU=Intensive care unit; ER=Emergency room; OR=Operating room; OPD=Outpatient department.

Table 2

Rotated Factor Pattern Matrix and Communality of WPBN-TI

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 3

Multitrait/Multi-item Matrix of WPBN-TI (Correlation Matrix Corrected for Overlap)

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 4

Difference between Subjective Workplace Bullying Victimization and WPBN-TI

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; SWPBV=Subjective workplace bullying victimization.

Table 5

Correlations between the WPBN-TI and NAQ-R

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; NAQ-R=Negative acts questionnaire-revised.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The impact of workplace bullying on depression among clinical nurses in China: A comparative analysis
Jiao-Zhi Zhou, Xin Liu, Gong-Jie Ye
Medicine.2025; 104(2): e41246. CrossRef
Impact of workplace violence on depression among workers: A focus on gender differences
Jiseon Kim
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2024; 41(3): 61. CrossRef
Workplace Bullying, Hardiness, and Occupational Identity Among Nursing Students: Mediation of Academic Burnout
KyungJa Kang, Mi Yu
Journal of Nursing Education.2024; 63(9): 604. CrossRef
When Does the Reproduction of Violence Begin? The Effects of Indirect Violence during Clinical Training on Career Identity
Eun-Hi Choi, Ji-yeon Kim, Sookbin Im, Susanna Kim, Seoyeon Park, Haein Song, Daeun Lee, Seunghyun Lee, Jieun Lee, Yebin Cho
Sage Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bullying against Healthcare Professionals and Coping Strategies: A Scoping Review
Ana Rita Valente Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Sani
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(4): 459. CrossRef
Effects of Organizational Silence and Organizational Justice on Bullying among Hospital Nurses at Work
Mi-Aei Lee, Bi-Joo Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(1): 1. CrossRef
The Influence of Nurses’ Workplace Bullying, Social Interaction Anxiety and Positive Psychological Capital on Nursing Performance
Hyang Mi Kim, Sun Hee Jang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(3): 331. CrossRef
Relationship between Ethical Climate, Workplace Bullying, and Turnover Intention of Hospital Nurses in Korea
Mi-Aie Lee, Hyun Ju Park, Bonghwa Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(4): 457. CrossRef
Workplace bullying and different levels of post‐traumatic stress symptoms of nurses: A quantile regression approach for effective coping strategies
Soyun Hong, Heejung Kim, Eun Kyoung Choi, Chang Gi Park
Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(6): 1445. CrossRef
Impact of workplace bullying and resilience on new nurses' turnover intention in tertiary hospitals
Gyu Li Baek, EunJu Lee
Nursing & Health Sciences.2022; 24(4): 801. CrossRef
Structural Equation Modeling on Workplace Incivility of Nurses: Evolution to Bullying
Seo In Kim, Soukyoung Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(4): 406. CrossRef
Structural Model of Retention Intention of Nurses in Small- and Medium-Sized Hospitals: Based on Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Joo Yeon Lee, Mi Hyang Lee
Healthcare.2022; 10(3): 502. CrossRef
Effects of Clinical Nurses’ Workplace Bullying, Empathic Ability, and Resilience on Job Satisfaction
Mi Young Lee, Youngrye Park
Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2021; 14(2): 57. CrossRef
Effects of Workplace Bullying and Empowerment on Nurses' Turnover Intention
Yesul Lee, Yoonju Lee, Ju-Young Ha, Minjeong Jo
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2021; 27(1): 1. CrossRef
The Association between Korean Clinical Nurses’ Workplace Bullying, Positive Psychological Capital, and Social Support on Burnout
Seong-Ryeol Bae, Hyon-Joo Hong, Jin-Joo Chang, Sung-Hee Shin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11583. CrossRef
Influences of Workplace Bullying and Job Satisfaction on Happiness among Perioperative Nurses
Song I Park, Key Ha Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2021; 27(1): 54. CrossRef
Measuring workplace violence for clinical dental hygienists
Seung‐Eun Won, Ma‐I Choi, Hiejin Noh, Sun‐Young Han, So‐Jung Mun
International Journal of Dental Hygiene.2021; 19(3): 340. CrossRef
Moderating Effects of Structural Empowerment and Resilience in the Relationship between Nurses’ Workplace Bullying and Work Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Correlational Study
Heiyoung Kang, Kihye Han
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(4): 1431. CrossRef
Reliability and Validity of the Bullying Measurement in Korean Nurses' Workplace
Hyo-Suk Song, So-Hee Lim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2020; 26(5): 478. CrossRef
Nurses’ Workplace Bullying Experiences, Responses, and Ways of Coping
Sun Yee Yoo, Hye Young Ahn
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(19): 7052. CrossRef
Effect of Job Stress, Working Bullying, Self-Efficacy on the Professional Self-Concept of Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Sang Min Oh, Sang Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2020; 13(2): 60. CrossRef
Comparative psychometric review of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised in a unionized U.S. public sector workforce
Mazen El Ghaziri, Carla L. Storr, Shellie R. Simons, Alison M. Trinkoff, Kathleen M. McPhaul, Matthew London, Jeffrey V. Johnson, Jane Lipscomb
Work.2019; 62(1): 161. CrossRef
The Influence of Lateral Violence on Burnout and Empathy with Patients among Nurses: The Moderating Effect of Communication
Soohyun Nam, Boyoung Hwang
Stress.2019; 27(3): 224. CrossRef
Response Patterns of Nursing Unit Managers regarding Workplace Bullying: A Q Methodology Approach
Jin Kyu Choi, Byoungsook Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(5): 562. CrossRef
Effects of nursing organisational culture on face‐to‐face bullying and cyberbullying in the workplace
JeongSil Choi, Mijeong Park
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2019; 28(13-14): 2577. CrossRef
Moderating effects of Professional Self-concept in Relationship between Workplace Bullying and Nursing Service Quality among Hospital Nurses
Eun Mi Lee, Duck Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2018; 24(5): 375. CrossRef
Relationships among Self-esteem, Social Support, Nursing Organizational Culture, Experience of Workplace Bullying, and Consequence of Workplace Bullying in Hospital Nurses
Eun-Hye Han, Yeongmi Ha
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2016; 22(3): 303. CrossRef
Reliability and validity of the workplace harassment questionnaire for Korean finance and service workers
Myeongjun Lee, Hyunjung Kim, Donghee Shin, Sangyun Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Qualitative Research on Nurses Experiencing Taeoom
SunHwa Choeng, InSook Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2016; 25(3): 238. CrossRef
Awareness and Attitudes Towards Violence and Abuse among Emergency Nurses
Ok-Hee Cho, Kyeong-Sook Cha, Yang-Sook Yoo
Asian Nursing Research.2015; 9(3): 213. CrossRef
Construct Validity of the Life Transition Scale for Parents of Children with Autism
Ae Ran Lee, Sun Woo Hong, Se Jin Ju
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(5): 563. CrossRef

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Development and Validity of Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Type Inventory (WPBN-TI)

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2014;44(2):209-218. Published online April 30, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.2.209

XML Download

Figure

We recommend

Development and Validity of Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Type Inventory (WPBN-TI)

Figure 1 Framework for theoretical phase of types of workplace bullying.

Figure 1

Development and Validity of Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Type Inventory (WPBN-TI)

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=458)

ICU=Intensive care unit; ER=Emergency room; OR=Operating room; OPD=Outpatient department.

Table 2

Rotated Factor Pattern Matrix and Communality of WPBN-TI

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 3

Multitrait/Multi-item Matrix of WPBN-TI (Correlation Matrix Corrected for Overlap)

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 4

Difference between Subjective Workplace Bullying Victimization and WPBN-TI

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; SWPBV=Subjective workplace bullying victimization.

Table 5

Correlations between the WPBN-TI and NAQ-R

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; NAQ-R=Negative acts questionnaire-revised.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=458)

ICU=Intensive care unit; ER=Emergency room; OR=Operating room; OPD=Outpatient department.

Table 2 Rotated Factor Pattern Matrix and Communality of WPBN-TI

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 3 Multitrait/Multi-item Matrix of WPBN-TI (Correlation Matrix Corrected for Overlap)

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory.

Table 4 Difference between Subjective Workplace Bullying Victimization and WPBN-TI

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; SWPBV=Subjective workplace bullying victimization.

Table 5 Correlations between the WPBN-TI and NAQ-R

WPBN-TI=Workplace bullying in nursing-type inventory; NAQ-R=Negative acts questionnaire-revised.