Hee Sun Shin; Jeong Mee Kim

doi:10.4040/jkan.2010.40.3.453

Articles

Page Path: HOME > J Korean Acad Nurs > Volume 40(3); 2010 > Article

Original Article
Analysis of Relationships between Parenting Stress, Maternal Depression, and Behavioral Problems in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: Hee Sun Shin, Jeong Mee Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2010;40(3):453-461.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.3.453
Published online: June 30, 2010

¹Researcher, The Environmental Health Center, Dankook University Medical Center · Professor, Department of Nursing, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.

²Assistant Professor, Department of Social Welfare, Baekseok Arts University, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Shin, Hee Sun. Department of Nursing, Dankook University, 29 Anseo-dong, Cheonan 330-714, Korea. Tel: 82-41-550-3882, Fax: 82-41-550-3888, sw724@dankook.ac.kr

• Received: April 2, 2010 • Accepted: June 15, 2010

175 Views
1 Download
10 Crossref
9 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored.
Methods
Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis.
Results
1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression (β=.29, p<.001).
Conclusion
The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.
Keywords: Attention deficit hyperactive disorder; Child behavior problem; Parenting stress; Depression

This work was supported by a Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (KRF-2008-E00162).

REFERENCES

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1994;4th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press.
2. Baron MA, Kenny D. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173–1182.Article PubMed
3. Cho S, Kim B, Kim J, Rohde LA, Hwang J, Chungh D, et al. Full syndrome and subthreshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Korean community sample: Comorbidity and temperament findings. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;18:447–457.Article PubMed PDF
4. Cho SC. Attention-deficit and hyperactive disorder. 2001;Seoul, Seoul National University Publishing.
5. Choi MR. The moderating and mediating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between life stress and depression. 2000;Seoul, Chung-Ang University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
6. Choi Y, Kim J, Cho S, Hong S, Oh E. The effect of ADHD child mother's depressive mood, parenting stress, and parenting related attitude on parenting behavior. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002;13:153–162.
7. Daley D. Attention deficit hyperactive disorder: A review of the essential facts. Child: Care, Health & development. 2006;32:193–204.
8. Derks EM, Hudziak JJ, Dolan CV, Ferdinand RF, Boomsma DI. The relations between DISC-IV DSM diagnoses of ADHD and multi-informant CBCL-AP syndrome scores. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2006;47:116–122.Article PubMed
9. Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Epstein JN, Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Kahn RS. Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a national sample of US children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescence Medicine. 2007;161:857–864.Article
10. Gonzalez LO, Sellers EW. The effects of a stress-management program on self-concept, locus of control, and the acquisition of coping skills in school-age children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 2002;15:5–15.Article PubMed
11. Harrison C, Sofronoff K. ADHD and parental psychological distress: Role of demographics, child behavioral characteristics, and parental cognitions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002;41:703–711.Article PubMed
12. Johnston C, Mash EJ. Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2001;4:183–207.PubMed
13. Kendall J, Shelton K. A typology of management styles in families with children with ADHD. Journal of Family Nursing. 2003;9:257–280.Article PDF
14. Kim EJ, Kwon HJ. Report about prevalence of ADHD in children. Endocrine disruptive substance and children's health. 2008;In: Symposium conducted at the meeting of First Academic Symposium of Environmental Health Center; Dankook University Medical Center.
15. Kim EY. The path analysis of the relationship of maternal parenting stress, parenting efficacy and dysfunctional discipline practice to child's adjust problems. 2005;Seoul, Ewha Womans University. Unpublished master's thesis.
16. Larsson JO, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P. Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age: A longitudinal twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43:1267–1275.Article PubMed
17. Lee Y, Song W, Choi Y, Shin Y. The relationship among child's behavior problems, maternal depression, and parenting stress. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003;14:218–228.
18. Lee YJ. The relations between mothers depression, parenting stress, and children's behavior problems. 2006;Seoul, Seoul Woman's University. Unpublished masters thesis.
19. Lin Y, Chung H. Parenting stress and parent's willingness to accept treatment in relation to behavioral problems of children with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder. Journal of Nursing Research. 2002;10:43–56.Article
20. Luteijin EF, Serra M, Jackson S, Steenhuis MP, Althaus M, Volkmar F, et al. How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;9:168–179.Article PDF
21. Oh K, Ha E, Lee H, Hong K. Korea child behavior checklist. 2007;Seoul, HUNO Counsulting.
22. Oh WO. Factor influencing family quality of life among mothers of children with ADHD. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. 2008;14:396–404.
23. Oh WO, Park ES. Parenting experience of parents of children with ADHD. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2007;37:91–104.PubMed
24. Park J, Lee K, Shin Y. Effects of mother-child relationship and mother's parenting stress on preschoolers' behavior problems. Korean Journal of Woman Psychology. 2009;14:549–566.Article
25. Park HS, Choi EJ. The difference of temperament, goodness of fit and behavioral problems in ADHD subtypes of adolescent high risk group. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;16:106–116.
26. Sayal K, Hornsey H, Warren S, MacDiarmid F, Taylor E. Identification of children at risk of attention deficit/hyperactive disorder: A school-based intervention. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2006;41:806–813.PubMed
27. Seo M, Chang E, Jung C, Chei S. The study of the parenting stress, depression and parenting efficacy on the mother of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children. Korean Journal of Woman Psychology. 2003;8:69–81.
28. Shin SJ. The influence of parenting stress, social support, and mother's efficacy on mother's rearing behavior. 1997;Seoul, Yonsei University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
29. So YK, Noh JS, Kim YS, Ko SG, Koh YJ. The reliability and validity of Korean parent and teacher ADHD rating scale. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 2002;41:283–289.
30. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Daley D, Thompson M, Weeks A, Laver-bradbury C. Parent based therapies for preschool attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40:402–408.Article PubMed

Figure 1

The relationship between symptom of ADHD and child's internal problems.

Figure 2

The relationship between symptom of ADHD and child's external problems.

Table 1

Comparison of the Characteristics of Children and Mothers for the Two Groups (N=222)

^***p≤.001.

Table 2

Correlation among Variables

^***p≤.001; ^**p<.010; ^*p<.050.

Table 3

Mediation Effect of Mother's Depression on the Influence of the Symptom of ADHD on Child's Internal Behavior

^***p<.001.

Table 4

Mediation Effect of Mother's Depression on the Influence of the Symptom of ADHD on Child's External Behavior

^***p<.001.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Effect of Happiness Training Based on Fordyce Model on Perceived Stress in the Mothers of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Zeinab Hemati, Samira Abbasi, Somayeh Paki, Davood Kiani
Journal of Caring Sciences.2017; 6(2): 173. CrossRef
Related Factors for Behavioral Problems in Toddlers Born Prematurely
Youngmee Ahn, Sangmi Lee
Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(1): 45. CrossRef
Relationships between behavioral symptoms of non‐medicated Chinese children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and parenting stress: Comparison of different subtypes and comorbidities
Yan Li, Wen‐Qing Jiang, Ya‐Song Du, David Coghill
Asia-Pacific Psychiatry.2016; 8(2): 127. CrossRef
A Short-Term Longitudinal Study on the Reciprocal Relations between Mothers’ Depression and Their Preschoolers’ Emotional Problems
Young Eun Chang, Hyo Jeong Han
Family and Environment Research.2016; 54(5): 551. CrossRef
Stress levels experienced by parents of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the back-to-school period: results of a European and Canadian survey
Isabel Hernández-Otero, Lakshman Doddamani, Benoit Dutray, Antonella Gagliano, Fabian Haertling, Ralph Bloomfield, Gracita Ramnath
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice.2015; 19(1): 8. CrossRef
Methylphenidate‐osmotic‐controlled release oral delivery system treatment reduces parenting stress in parents of children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Jun‐Won Hwang, Bongseog Kim, Yeni Kim, Tae‐Ho Kim, Wan‐Seok Seo, Dong‐Won Shin, Young‐Jae Woo, Heejeong Yoo, Jeong‐Seop Lee, Jong‐Hun Lee, Myung‐Ho Lim, Young‐Chul Chung, Chul‐Ho Jung, Hanik K. Yoo
Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental.2013; 28(6): 600. CrossRef
Effects of a Responsive Parenting Education Program on Child's Behavioral Problems and Pivotal Developmental Behaviors in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Hee-Sun Shin, Jeong-Mee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(1): 39. CrossRef
Teaching Status and Knowledge of Elementary School Teachers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Kyoung-Rim Kang, Young-Hae Kim, Young-Ok Yang
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 136. CrossRef
Relationship of Mothers' Recognition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Parenting Stress and Family Support in Children Diagnosed with ADHD
Mi-Ye Kim, Ji-Yeong Seo, Wan-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 127. CrossRef
Effects of Postpartum Depression and Temperament of Infant on Child-care Stress among Mothers of Newborn Infants
Hye-Jin Kwon, Kyung-Hee Kim, Mi-Hye Choi, Ju-Yeon Cho, Young-Mi Ahn, Ki-Sook Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 69. CrossRef

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Analysis of Relationships between Parenting Stress, Maternal Depression, and Behavioral Problems in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2010;40(3):453-461. Published online June 30, 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.3.453

XML Download

Figure

We recommend

Analysis of Relationships between Parenting Stress, Maternal Depression, and Behavioral Problems in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Figure 1 The relationship between symptom of ADHD and child's internal problems.

Figure 2 The relationship between symptom of ADHD and child's external problems.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Analysis of Relationships between Parenting Stress, Maternal Depression, and Behavioral Problems in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Table 1

Comparison of the Characteristics of Children and Mothers for the Two Groups (N=222)

^***p≤.001.

Table 2

Correlation among Variables

^***p≤.001; ^**p<.010; ^*p<.050.

Table 3

Mediation Effect of Mother's Depression on the Influence of the Symptom of ADHD on Child's Internal Behavior

^***p<.001.

Table 4

Mediation Effect of Mother's Depression on the Influence of the Symptom of ADHD on Child's External Behavior

^***p<.001.

Table 1 Comparison of the Characteristics of Children and Mothers for the Two Groups (N=222)

^***p≤.001.

Table 2 Correlation among Variables

^***p≤.001; ^**p<.010; ^*p<.050.

Table 3 Mediation Effect of Mother's Depression on the Influence of the Symptom of ADHD on Child's Internal Behavior

^***p<.001.

Table 4 Mediation Effect of Mother's Depression on the Influence of the Symptom of ADHD on Child's External Behavior